Language is the Most Important Component of Communication Essay

Language is the Most Important Component of Communication - Essay Example The study of language, known as linguistics, has tried to show how language develops among different communities. This study also tries to understand the factors that contribute to similarities and differences in languages. It is clear from the chapter that language does not only mean the ability to talk. There are many forms of language used by human beings to communicate. Spoken language is the most common among them. Currently, there are about three thousands to six thousands different languages in the world. Linguistic anthropology, a branch of linguistics, majors in the study of structure of language. In this study, anthropologists study patterns of sound, the meaning of words made by these sounds, and how these words are combines to make meaningful sentences. Semantics are also covered in this area. Different people from different locations use different terns to describe similar things and physical phenomena in their environment. However, there are some similarities in some of their classifications for instance relatives. Also another area of concern for anthropologists is the origin of language. There are different models that explain the origin and development of language. For instance, from the behaviorist model, a person acquires and develops language from both negative and positive experiences. In linguistics, specifically historical linguistics, the relationship between different languages is also explored. ... Another field of linguistic anthropology is the study of non-verbal communication. Different communities have different forms of nonverbal communication. However, there are those that are universal. Non-verbal communication uses signs and body language to communicate different messages. This field of linguistics have helped very much especially in the study of sign language which is now being used universally. Yet another modern form of language is coded language which is very specialized. This field is being utilized in the field of science for instance in computers. Question two Language is part of every society’s culture therefore understanding the language of a community helps in understanding of a culture of a society. In studying the similarities, differences and development of languages of different communities, we are able to understand the societies better. For example there are communities that live in different geographic locations but have similar or related langua ges. Through this, we can be able to trace the origin of some communities. In these modern days, globalization has influenced almost all aspects in life language included. By making the world a global village means that there is a need for every person from any part of the world to understand each other. In the early times, communication was the major barrier to globalization. Studies in linguistics made everything easier all over sudden. With development of sign language people could communicate and even do business without necessarily having to talk. Again, development of sign language has helped in communication of people who cannot talk or hear. The study of linguistics is being applied

Compare and contrast binet and simons approach to measuring Essay

Compare and contrast binet and simons approach to measuring intelligence with that of sternberg - Essay Example In 1905, Binet and Simon devised one of the first tests of measuring intelligence in French children. The test was carried out in order to detect French children that were likely to face difficulties in their studies so that these children could receive special education. Binet and Simon developed tests that assessed each child’s intelligence. As a result of these tests, Binet and Simon discovered that tests of memory, practical skills, puzzle solving skills and vocabulary tests were better at predicting the level of intelligence in school children than the simple sensory tests that was previously used (Binet & Simon, 1916). In the approach employed by Binet and Simon to measuring intelligence in children, children were instructed to perform certain tasks; such as defining abstract terms, defining common words, spotting the differences between two objects, recognising objects in pictures, repeating spoken digits and following simple commands and gestures. Sternberg on his own part proposed an alternative, cognitive-components approach to measuring intelligence (1977); he posited that the level of intelligence of an individual could be measured in terms of a data-analysis component that constitutes some form of multifaceted analysis such as deductive reasoning and logical inference. He used this data and statistical analysis technique to disintegrate mental task performance into its fundamental constituents. Binet and Simon invented what is generally known as the Binet-Simon scale, which encompassed a series of tasks that they thought typically represented the intellectual competencies of the children at different ages. They tested their measurement on a sample of fifty children that were divided into five age groups; each group comprised ten children believed to be averagely intelligent. The main aim of the Binet-Simon scale was to compare the mental abilities of some children to those of their

The Scope Of The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay

The Scope Of The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay The scope of the hospitality industry comprises of a range of businesses that provide services and facilities such as accommodation, food and beverage, entertainment, gaming and related products. The term hospitality has become accepted over the years as a generic word, which describes the well being of services and facilities related to tourists and travellers. The hospitality industry is represented in every country in the world and is diverse and complex. It encompasses a range of free-standing hospitality businesses and is also a component of a wide range of venues whose primary function is not hospitality. The hospitality industry consists of broad category of fields within the service industry that includes lodging, restaurants, event planning, theme parks, transportation, cruise line, and additional fields within the tourism industry. The hospitality industry is a several billion dollar industry that mostly depends on the availability of leisure time and disposable income. A hospitality unit such as a restaurant, hotel, or even an amusement park consists of multiple groups such as facility maintenance, direct operations (servers, housekeepers, porters, kitchen workers, bartenders, etc.), management, marketing, and human resources. /Sources: hospitality industry Wikipedia The hospitality industry covers a wide range of organizations offering food service and accommodation. The hospitality industry is divided into sectors according to the skill-sets required for the work involved. Sectors include accommodation, food and beverage, meeting and events, gaming, entertainment and recreation, tourism services, and visitor information. Usage rate is an important variable for the hospitality industry. Just as a factory owner would wish to have his or her productive asset in use as much as possible (as opposed to having to pay fixed costs while the factory isnt producing), so do restaurants, hotels, and theme parks seek to maximize the number of customers they process. Gilmarie Salise 1 One of the adherent growing sectors of the economy of our time is the hotel industry. The hotel industry alone is a multi-billion dollar and growing enterprise. It is inspiring, never boring and offer unlimited opportunities. The hotel industry in diverse enough for people to work in different areas of interest and still at work within the hotel industry. Twenty first centurys hotels provide modern precise services to their guests. The customers or guests are always right. This principle necessitated application of management principles in the hotel industry and the hotel professionals realized the instrumentality of marketing principles of managing the hotel industry. The approach of total quality management is found getting and important function in the marketing management of hotels. The emerging positive trend in the tourism industry indicates that hotel industry is like a reservoir where the foreign exchange flows. This naturally draws our attention on Hotel Management. Like other industries, the hotel industry needs to explore avenues for innovation so that a fair blending of core and peripheral service is made possible. It is not to be forgotten that the leading hotel companies of the world have been intensifying research to enrich their peripheral services with the motto of adding additional attractions to their service mix. It is against this background that we find the service mix more flexible in nature. The recruitment and training programmes are required to be developed in the features of the technical sophistication. The leading hotel companies have been found promoting an ongoing training programme so that the personnel come to know about the use of sophisticated communication technologies. General classification of Hotel Industry Classification of Hotels: on the basis of standards Like most of the countries in the world, India could be an example and has also hotels divided in different categories depending on their location, facilities, infrastructures and amenities provided. All the star hotels in India are government approved with continuous control on the quality on the services offered. Five Star Hotels the most luxurious and conveniently hotels in India are grouped under Five Star Deluxe categories. Five Star Hotel in India are globally competitive in the quality of services provided, facilities offered and accommodation option. These are the top of the line hotels located mostly in big cities. These hotels provide all the modern facilities for accommodation and recreation matching international standards in hospitality. In such type of hotel HR department are established separately and to execute and to follow the concept of HR strictly, HR professionals are hired. Four Star Hotels A rung below five star hotels are Four Star Hotels, these hotels provide all modern amenities to the travellers with a limited budget .Quality of services is almost as high as five stars and above categories. These kinds of hotels are there for the travellers with the limited budget or for the places which might not get the tourist traffic associated with larger cities. In such type of hotel concept of HR is more or less followed. Three Star Hotels These are mainly economy class hotels located in the bigger and smaller cities and catering to the needs of budget travellers. Lesser in amenities and facilities, these hotels are value for money and gives good accommodation and related services in the reduced price. In such type of hotel concept of HR may or may not be present. Two Star Hotels This type of hotels are most available in the small cities and in the particular areas of larger cities. Catering for the backpacker tourist traffic, these hotels provide all the basic facilities needed for general accommodation and offer the lowest prices. In this type of hotel concept of HR is absent. Gilmarie Salise 2 One Star Hotels The hotels with most basic facilities, small number of rooms location in the fur-flung areas are grouped under one star hotel category. These hotels are best when customers for looking cheapest available accommodation option. In this type of hotel concept of HR is alien words. Organisational Structure of Hotel Industry Core Operational Department: Food and Beverage (F B) Department F B deals mainly with food and beverage allied activities. Different divisions are there in F B are Restaurants, Speciality Restaurants, Coffee Shop (24hrs), Bar, Banquets, Room Service etc. Apart from that they have Utility services (Cleaning) . Housekeeping Department The housekeeping Department is another important department in hospitality world. Housekeeping is responsible for cleaning the hotels guestrooms and public areas. This department has the largest staff, consisting of an assistant, room inspectors, room attendants, a house person crew, linen room attendants and personnel in charge of employee uniforms. They may have their own laundry and valet equipment may use it only for hotel linens and uniforms and send guest clothing to an outside service where can be handled with specialised equipment. Front Office Department The front office is the command post for the reservations, registering guests, take in charge of guest accounts (cashiering/payment), checking out guests. It is the front desk responsible to allocate their designated rooms, distribute their keys, send mails, emails or other information for guests. It is the also the most visible part of the front office area. Food Production Department Food production department handles with the preparation of food. Basically, it is their responsibility to prepare dishes or menus which are ordered by guest and afterward catered by the F B Department. They can prepare different kind of Cuisine like Chinese, Indian, Thai, Filipino, Western food, Italian and a lot more. Core Functional Departments Marketing and Selling Department Sales and marketing has become one of the most vital functions of the hotel business and integral part of modern of hotel management. It includes packaging of selling, sales promotion,, advertising and public relations. The marketing divisions is charged with the responsibility of keeping the rooms in the hotel occupied at the right price and with the right mix of guests. Gilmarie Salise 3 Safety and Security Department The security of guests, employees, personal property and the hotel itself is an overriding concern for todays hoteliers. In the past, most security precautions concentrated on the prevention on thefts from guests and the hotel. However, today such violent crimes as murder and rape have become a problem for some hotels. Unfortunately, crime rates in most major cities are arising. Hence today security department also concentrate on these additional criminal activities too. Engineering and Maintenance Department This department provides on the day-to-day basis the utility services, electricity, hot water, steams, air conditioning and other services and is responsible for repair and maintenance of the equipment, furniture and fixtures in the hotel. Finance, Accounting and Control Department The finance and accounting department is responsible for keeping track of the many business transactions that occur in the hotel. Accounting department does the bookkeeping regarding financial matters in an appropriate description. Whereby the control department is concern with cost control guidelines by the way reducing in investment, reduction in operating cost, control of food service cost, control of beverage costs, labour cost control, etc. Administration Department This department is responsible for all the work with the administration, personnel, manpower, employees welfare, medical and health security. Scale, scope and diversity in a Hotel Industry The primary purpose of hotels is to provide travellers with shelter, food, refreshment, and similar services and goods, offering on a commercial basis things that are customarily furnished within households but unavailable to people on a journey away from home. Hotel today not only cater to the basic needs of the guest like food and shelter provide much more than that, like personalized services etc. Many more and more people are travelling not only for business reasons but for leisure as well. As a matter of fact, because of the massive increase on tourism economy, tourism continues to grow as political freedom, economic wherewithal and social equality spread across the whole world. There was a growth in international travel and thereby growth in hotel industry. Hotel development also involved diversification of hotel types. Most early hotels had been large urban luxury establishments, but newer variants quickly emerged. Resort hotels, designed to accommodate the rising tide of tourists, were built in panoramic rural landscapes far from the cities. Commercial hotels, more simply furnished and less expensive than the luxury variant, served the growing ranks of travelling salesmen and other commercial workers set in motion by the expanding economy. Railroad hotels were built at regular intervals along track lines to provide passengers and crews with places to eat and rest in the decades before the introduction of sleeping cars. Residential hotels, dedicated to the housing needs of families increasingly unable to afford private houses in expensive urban real estate markets, served as the prototypes for apartment buildings. Gilmarie Salise 4 Scale, scope and diversity in a Restaurant Industry The restaurant industry, on the other hand, covers fine dining specialty restaurants, fast food outlets, canteens, and food courts. Fine dining and specialty restaurants offer a wide variety of international cuisines. The restaurant originated in France dating back to 1765 when one A. Boulanger, a soup vendor, opened an establishment advertising restoratives, or restaurants, referring to the soups and broths available within. The institution took its name from the advertisement, and restaurant now denotes a public eating place in English, French, Dutch, Danish, Norwegian, Romanian, and many other languages, with some variations. In the Philippines, a new trend in the restaurant industry is rapidly gaining popularity, that is, eat-all-you-can buffets, which are offered at reasonable prices. A number of restaurants offer buffets with no leftovers at 50% off normal buffet prices. /Sources: http://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/taps Based on my own country Philippines, although local entrepreneurs own most fine dining restaurants, an overwhelming number of fast food outlets are American franchises. These outlets, therefore, pose serious competition for local franchises. Particularly since tastes and preferences of consumers tend to favour international, especially, fast foods and restaurants. Finally, product differentiation exists in the industry. Established firms have brand identification and customer loyalties, which stem from past advertising and customer service. In the Philippines, tourism is one of the major industries that the WTTC noted as positioned at the epicentre of global travel and tourism growth and development. In 1997, tourism contributed 8.7% of the countrys GDP, generating 2.3 million jobs (or one in every nine nationwide), and accounting for some 10.5% of Philippine investments. According to the Department of Tourism, international arrivals in 1999 stood at 2.17 million, a slight increase from the previous years total of 2.15 million visitors. Despite the economic crisis suffered by its Asian markets, the Philippines foreign exchange receipts from tourism went up by 5.83% from $2.41 billion in 1998 to $2.55 billion in 1999. Moreover, the Philippines enjoyed the highest repeat visitors in Asia at 54.22 percent, indicating that the tourism sector can survive external threats and competition in the region. As tourism serves as the main market for hotel and restaurant services, increase in visitor traffic over the past ten years resulted in a corresponding boom in the hotel and restaurant industry. During the last decade, the hotel and restaurant industry has flourished even as it struggled to cope with difficult challenges. New hotels mushroomed in the capital while older hotels have done their best to spruce-up both their interiors and upgrade services. Likewise, the growth of the restaurant sub-sector, the number of players and the variety of services offered, has been notable during the period. /Sources: http://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/taps Gilmarie Salise 5 People 1st The Academys role To identify, endorse and promote qualifications and learning opportunities which are delivered to National Skills Academy standards. This delivery may take place in universities, colleges of further education, employer businesses and dedicated hospitality schools. Its role is also to: Focus on the areas related to management and leadership, customer service and craft skills which are central to addressing the industry challenges Innovate and provide franchisable solutions Ensure that funding is available where ever to support excellence in hospitality training. People 1st is the Sector Skills Council for the Hospitality, Leisure, Travel and Tourism Sector. The People 1st sector footprint is defined across 14 separate industries: hotels; restaurants; pubs, bars and nightclubs; contract food service providers; hospitality providers; membership clubs; events; gambling; travel services; tourist services; visitor attractions; youth hostels; holiday parks; and self-catering accommodation.  [1]   It is difficult to undertake a statistical analysis of the tourism and hospitality sector as the sector includes a number of different industries as defined by the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes. In the main, statistical analysis is usually concentrated on tourism related industries, the most important of which are hotels and restaurants. Across the UK, People 1st industries generate an annual turnover of  £135 billion and employ 1.9 million in more than 180,000 establishments. According to People 1st, there are 1,585 vacancies in the core hospitality sector, with the largest number of vacancies for kitchen and catering assistants, bar staff, chefs and cooks. Nearly a fifth of hospitality and tourism firms have indicated that they have hard to fill vacancies, and 48% of the unfilled vacancies are attributed to a failure to find individuals with the appropriate skills. A third of employers have reported skills gaps. British Hospitality Management The British Hospitality Association has been representing the hotel, restaurant and catering industry for 100 years. The Association exists to ensure that the views of the British hospitality industry are represented in a forceful, coherent and co-ordinated way to government and policy makers in the UK and internationally, in order that its members businesses can flourish. The British Hospitality Association (BHA) was established in 1907 as the Incorporated Hotel Keepers Association. In 1910 it merged with a new and entirely separate organisation called Incorporated Association of Hotels and Restaurants, taking on the latters name. In 1926 it became the Hotel and Restaurant Association of Great Britain, then the British Hotels and Restaurants Association in 1948 and the (ungrammatical) British Hotels, Restaurants and Caterers Association after the merger with Caterers Association of Great Britain in 1971. It was re-named British Hospitality Association in 1992. Along the way, it lost some of its restaurant members when they broke away to form the Restaurant Association of Great Britain in 1967. Supported by some of the industrys top independent restaurateurs, such as Prue Leith and Robert Carrier, the RAGB later The Restaurant Association fought exclusively for the interests of restaurants but the cost of such activity and the need to present a united front to government encouraged the merger with the BHA in 2003. The Restaurant Association retains its own identity as a trading division of the BHA. For a more detailed history, please read the official centenary booklet Hospitality: A Portrait. The British Hospitality Association 1907 2007 which gives a fascinating insight into the UK hospitality industry over the course of the past one hundred years. /Sources: Google Assessment: The People 1st focuses on the sector skills council for the hospitality, leisure, travel and tourism sector. The tourism and hospitality sector includes a massive number of different industries as defined by the Standard Industrial Classification Code (SIC). The statistical analysis mostly concentrated on the hotels and restaurants industries. This association interact significantly on management and leadership, customer skills, job vacancies, innovate and franchisable solutions, and to make assurance that funding is available. Whereas, British Hospitality Management is an association that represents hotel, restaurants and catering industry. British Hospitality Industry are represented by this association to have a forceful, comprehensible, and combined way to UKs government policy makers and internationally, in order that it members businesses can prosper. Gilmarie Salise 7 These two different groups of professional bodies in the field of hospitality services are very important in order to have an organise and fruitful result in building businesses either on a hotel, restaurants, catering etc. The most significant aspect for any associations in hospitality industry is to work together and help with each other, exchanging ideas to give a most fascinating insight into UK industry and worldwide. Organisational Structure/Chart of Hotel Industry Organisational Structure of Hotel Industry Core Operational Department: Food and Beverage (F B) Department F B deals mainly with food and beverage allied activities. Different divisions are there in F B are Restaurants, Speciality Restaurants, Coffee Shop (24hrs), Bar, Banquets, Room Service etc. Apart from that they have Utility services (Cleaning) . Housekeeping Department The housekeeping Department is another important department in hospitality world. Housekeeping is responsible for cleaning the hotels guestrooms and public areas. This department has the largest staff, consisting of an assistant, room inspectors, room attendants, a house person crew, linen room attendants and personnel in charge of employee uniforms. They may have their own laundry and valet equipment may use it only for hotel linens and uniforms and send guest clothing to an outside service where can be handled with specialised equipment. Front Office Department The front office is the command post for the reservations, registering guests, take in charge of guest accounts (cashiering/payment), checking out guests. It is the front desk responsible to allocate their designated rooms, distribute their keys, send mails, emails or other information for guests. It is the also the most visible part of the front office area. Gilmarie Salise 8 Food Production Department Food production department handles with the preparation of food. Basically, it is their responsibility to prepare dishes or menus which are ordered by guest and afterward catered by the F B Department. They can prepare different kind of Cuisine like Chinese, Indian, Thai, Filipino, Western food, Italian and a lot more. Core Functional Departments Marketing and Selling Department Sales and marketing has become one of the most vital functions of the hotel business and integral part of modern of hotel management. It includes packaging of selling, sales promotion,, advertising and public relations. The marketing divisions is charged with the responsibility of keeping the rooms in the hotel occupied at the right price and with the right mix of guests. Safety and Security Department The security of guests, employees, personal property and the hotel itself is an overriding concern for todays hoteliers. In the past, most security precautions concentrated on the prevention on thefts from guests and the hotel. However, today such violent crimes as murder and rape have become a problem for some hotels. Unfortunately, crime rates in most major cities are arising. Hence today security department also concentrate on these additional criminal activities too. Engineering and Maintenance Department This department provides on the day-to-day basis the utility services, electricity, hot water, steams, air conditioning and other services and is responsible for repair and maintenance of the equipment, furniture and fixtures in the hotel. Finance, Accounting and Control Department The finance and accounting department is responsible for keeping track of the many business transactions that occur in the hotel. Accounting department does the bookkeeping regarding financial matters in an appropriate description. Whereby the control department is concern with cost control guidelines by the way reducing in investment, reduction in operating cost, control of food service cost, control of beverage costs, labour cost control, etc. Administration Department This department is responsible for all the work with the administration, personnel, manpower, employees welfare, medical and health security. Gilmarie Salise 9 Organisational Structure/Chart of a Restaurant Industry Organisational Structure of Restaurant Industry Chief Executive Director (CEO) is in charge of making all final decisions, concerning the hotels, running meetings and presentations, launching new hotels, and making the final decisions of the operation managers for individuals hotels. Operations Manager also known as operation directors oversee all other manager and report to the owners directly. It is the responsible of the restaurant operation manager to handle various aspects of the restaurants operation. They deal directly with customers and employees and are responsible for a diversity of duties that include financial record keeping and hiring, handling and firing employees. The duties and responsibilities of an operation manager is to generally managing the facility in which all the materials to be use in food preparation are being organised, serving and working properly and so with the employee resources as well. Store Manager a store manager could also be called as store general manager in which they usually at least one assistant manager working for them as well as various department managers and hourly employees. Store manager is responsible to communicate in some area managers department and get their assistance in improving store operation such as service in cleanliness. Kitchen Manager is responsible of overseeing the entire operation of the kitchen. The duties and responsibilities of a kitchen manager include supervising kitchen staff and make sure they are performing their duties very well. The kitchen manager must also make sure that the kitchen area meets health and safety requirements as well as food preparation. To ensure that all food is properly prepared and meet the standards set by the restaurant. Schedule Manager To avoid confusion in creating schedule for multiple employees, the schedule manager must be organised and it is advisable and very helpful to use a typical spreadsheet to easily simplify their work and spend less time in scheduling people and more time managing. Maintenance Manager a maintenance manager or facility manager is responsible for creating and maintaining all preventive maintenance programs to help keeps the restaurant running smoothly, such as maintaining kitchen equipment, lighting, point of sale system and the physical structure. Service Supervisor Beverage Manager it is the responsibility of the beverage manager to order, stocking, and managing all alcoholic beverages in the restaurant. In fact, this kind of position must have knowledge in different brands/kind of liquors and wines and can intelligibly explain and recommend selections to customers. Main Chefs The main duty of a chef is to prepare meals for guests according to the restaurant menu. Chefs are required to create recipes that are unique from other restaurants. Chefs should generally follow a specific recipe for each menu item; they should prepare to customise the dish to the guests requests. More duties include preparing daily menu, ordering supplies, and supervising kitchen staff. Gilmarie Salise 10 Dishwashers Most of the restaurants uses a machine dishwasher to store all the messed dishes, cups, glasses, cutleries, casseroles, etc. and be washed at one at a time. While small restaurants/business hire a dishwasher to wash manually all the dishes. Service Crews a service crew is a group of co-workers that labour as a team to complete tasks of an employer. Waiters and waitresses are also called as service crews. However, service crews are not only working in a fast food but they are also working in a banquet and convention services, military, transportation, installation, and maintenance situations. Gilmarie Salise 11 RESTAURANTS Operational: Food Safety Food safety refers to all those hazards, whether chronic or acute, that may make food injurious to the health of the consumer. Food safety is and remains a top ten concern for food manufacturers and other food businesses. But a series of major food poisoning outbreaks and contamination incidents is happened in different ways and in several times. In US, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was created to protect health by assuring the safety and security of the nations food supply, among many other things. All food facilities including restaurants must be registered with the FDA and must also give advance notice to the FDA on shipments of imported goods. Based on my own experience, I worked in a Chinese restaurant and this restaurant also offers take away either in delivery or collection. In every  £14 or more purchase it will be delivered for free. I had observed that not all days the restaurant is busy. As a matter of fact, most of the orders are takeaway. The restaurant seems busy only during weekends like Friday and Saturday. In fact, many are also ordering by phone and be delivered. The company must ensure to pass the health and safety regulations including SODEXHO training in which certificates will be given like Food and Hygiene Certificate. All employees must be aware on their own health concern that they are well-fitted enough to work in these kind of industry especially working in a restaurant. For those very sick people like Tuberculosis, they are not allowed or be part of these industry. Moreover, all utensils must be washed properly and make sure that is also being sterilised to ensure health and safety. Global sales of food additives were estimated at well in excess of USD25bn in value terms in 2007. Although the market is dominated by sectors such as flavours and hydrocolloids, recent growth has been most impressive in those additives most relevant to the prevailing trend towards lower-fat foods. In contrast, some sectors have been adversely affected by the effects of rising low-cost Chinese production, which has driven down market value in some instances. The Food Additives Market Global Trends Developments is a publication from Leatherhead Food International (now Leatherhead Food Research), which updates the previous edition published in 2005. The report identifies the major market forces influencing the global additives market, and presents a detailed analysis of trends in the market for 13 different additive categories. In addition to information on applications, market sizes and trends, and the leading companies in the industry, the report also discusses finished food trends impacting on additives and assesses future prospects for the industry. http://www.leatherheadfood.com Managerial: Security Security in enterprise computing system is not simply a matter of technology and cannot be addressed satisfactorily with hardware and software alone. It also a matter of managing people, establishing and enforcing strong (right and clear) policies, implementing procedures and strengthen security, and periodically checking the effectiveness of the security architecture and making necessary changes. To become a successful security manager, he or she must constantly educate himself or herself and his or her staff. Basically, when we talk about security it is generalised. Not only on computer or system security but accordingly on engineering, security on policies and regulations, security of the place and overall security. Authentication mechanisms are used to identify the identity of subject and thus ensu

Athletic Training Career Essay -- Sports, Health and Physical Educatio

"Here she comes around the last curve she's just about to break the world record for fastest mile run by a woman. Almost there, and she's done it! But wait, she's on the ground, gee whiz I think her knees gave out!" How is this girl going to get better? What should she do to fix this? An athletic trainer would be able to answer these questions and help this girl get back into the best physical condition possible so she could run again. The following are key parts of the Athletic Training career, including, but not limited to: requirements of education and colleges that offer programs; basic job titles and responsibilities; employers; benefits, hours, annual income; extending the job experience. An Athletic Trainer is by definition "a medical professional who prevents, assesses, treats, and rehabilitates injuries." These professionals are recognized by the American Medical Association, and are part of the Allied Health Services. Athletic Trainers must be mature enough to handle emerge ncy circumstances, such as an unexpected injury, distraught athletes and parents. They must know how to prevent injury, or evaluate an injury in order to care for and rehabilitate the injured party ("Defining" 1). Now, every good career person must have an education, and Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania is a well known college for becoming an Athletic Trainer. It has a competitive, nationally accredited, Athletic Training program so that after the first two years of college a student must apply for a position. It also has an excellent fitness facility. Curriculum generally includes "assessment and evaluation, acute care, general medical conditions and disabilities, pathology of injury and illness, therapeutic exercise, therapeutic modalities, r... ...r career extensions or changes among Athletic Trainers. The time it would take to add another degree to a resume would depend on the type of degree or certification required and the college or university attended. However, adding more degrees tends to make a person more qualified and wanted in higher paying positions, just keep in mind that higher paying positions also take more time. Athletic Training can be a very rewarding career if someone is ambitious enough to go far. The author of this paper no longer wants to become an Athletic Trainer anymore because higher pay is harder to achieve, and an extreme amount of time would be needed to get into the highest pay bracket. I think this career would be better for single, healthy people, or an athletic family that does not mind the parent being away for periods of time on, whichever, weekends, days or nights.

Epic Heroic poetry Essay

Epic/ Heroic poetry can be easily defined through comparing and contrasting the exploits and relationships of the characters Achilles and Partrioclus from the Iliad and that of Gilgamesh and Enkindu. Their relationships furthermore help to define heroic/epic poetry through their similarities and differences. The characters also help in clarifying this definition in both the idea and nature of their heroism. Both Gilgamesh and Achilles also reiterate the definition of heroic/epic poetry by their differences and similarities in their own styles of heroism. By tracing these elements of the two heroes and their relationships with their close friends, not only is the definition of epic/heroic poetry clear, but the fundamental differences between epic poetry and lyrical poetry become evident. The exploits of both pairs of characters from the two stories help define epic/ heroic poetry, because the exploits of both characters fall in line with the definition of epic/ heroic poetry. Epic poetry is known as the one of the earliest forms of literature and was first told orally and then latter written down. These stories were about heroes that show godlike qualities, personal power, patriotism and loyalty. We find that both pairs possess these qualities, in some of the same ways and in some ways that are different. At the beginning of the pair’s adventures we see a difference the reason of what they are fighting for. Gilgamesh had just gained a friend that was similar to him and he wanted to go out and make a name for himself by conquering the unconquerable. Achilles however, was fighting to bring home the beautiful woman of their land. Through the exploits we see more differences, Achilles is driven by war and pride for his country and through this he obtains greatness. Whereas Gilgamesh goes out in search of greatness for example, in Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s first adventure they cut down the cedar forest just to defy Humbaba and prove they can do it. A similarity is seen along Gilgamesh’s quest for recognition and Achilles quest of for control of what was rightfully his, both end up losing a friend. Both men take the fault on themselves for the loss of their friends. Achilles believes that it is his fault because when Patroclus dies he is wearing Achilles armor. Gilgamesh thinks that the death of Enkidu is also his fault because he turned down the Goddess that in turn killed Enkidu. Even though they have their differences and similarities, both relationships express qualities of epic/heroic poetry. The definition of heroic/epic poetry is also evident in the area of loyalty, this is shown in the relationship similarities and differences that Gilgamesh has with Enkidu and Achilles has with Patroclus. We see that the relationships that both heroes have are the same, in that they stay true to their friends even after death. In this part is where we also see a difference in their loyalty. Gilgamesh’s approach to dealing with the grief of Enkidu’s death is to find immortality and try to bring Enkidu back to life. Achilles’ approach to dealing with Patroclus’ death was to risk his life and reenter the war for vengeance. The relationships are similar in that women play a part in both of the pair’s lives and the deaths of their companions. Enkidu is brought into Gilgamesh’s life because he gives himself to a harlot who tames him and is then ironically taken out of Gilgamesh’s life because Gilgamesh won’t give himself to a woman. Achilles is fighting for a woman and in turn Patroclus is killed because he is thought to be Achilles because of the armor he is wearing. A difference in the relationships of the pairs is seen in what they mean to each other. Enkidu is brought to Gilgamesh to be his downfall, but through Gilgamesh’s strength Enkidu is won over and they become friends for what they can do for each other egotistically. Whereas Patroclus has been a longtime friend of Achilles and their friendship and loyalty was built over time. The definition of epic poetry is shown through the nature of the four characters’ â€Å"heroism† because through this they display godlike qualities and personal power. They all show â€Å"heroism† through their godlike qualities because of their direct association with God’s of their time. A similarity in the heroism exists because of the mortality of the companions of Gilgamesh and Achilles. A similarity is that both Enkidu and Patroclus had God-like and heroic characteristics, thought to exist because of their friendships. Another similarity is found in the way this is proven untrue. It seems as though the Gilgamesh and Achilles carry on and act as though they are immortal because of their greatness in battle and part-Goodness. Through the death of their friends they realize that these are not qualities that they possess and this leads them down different roads, which in turn brings them death. For Gilgamesh this brings the fame that he searched for, bu t cost him his life. For Achilles, true vengeance came with the price of his own life. Either way these characters ends fulfill the qualities of heroic/epic poetry. Achilles heroism is different than Gilgamesh’s because his purpose is different. Achilles has a reason to fight; he cares not what people think of him, but fights for what he believes, and has an army to back his cause and therefore is looked upon as a hero by his people. Gilgamesh goes out alone in search of his fame and glory hoping to create a legacy. Gilgamesh stakes a claim as a hero by creating the situations that make a hero. It seems as though if these two stories took place in the same era, that Gilgamesh would be after Achilles head for fame of having the upper hand over another god-like being. Gilgamesh and the Iliad with both their plot and character similarities and differences help to create the definition of epic/heroic poetry. Both these stories show characters with god-like qualities, personal power, patriotism and loyalty. Each story’s characters and plots express these ideas differently in the way that the stories are carried out, but they do posses the qualities that make up such a story. Fundamentally after breaking down epic poetry it is easy to see how it differs from lyrical poetry. Lyrical poetry is much more universal in time and subject matter. It describes love, and feelings that are unchanging through time. To compare the two, the ideas of epic poetry are outdated, for example we don’t look up to George Washington as a God-like person even though he was a great warrior. With lyrical poetry however, we can read it anytime and compare the issues to issues in our own lives.

Isolationism Vs Internationalism Essay

Isolationism is generally a policy of nonparticipation in the international political and economic relations. It basically combines non-intervention in military policies and economic protectionism. Isolationism is a belief that originated from the United States’ opposition in war intervention, allowing alliances and organizations. On the other hand, internationalism is a call for stronger economic and political cooperation, theoretically for the benefit of the international community. Isolationism The isolationism in US was anchored on the basis of neutrality. Neutrality, in international law is a policy that adheres to the non-engagement in wars. The first doctrine of Neutrality was issued by George Washington. However, this rule of neutrality was viewed with two â€Å"deceptive† assumptions as being neither a judge nor party in conflicts which doesn’t employ biased opinions; and that belligerents do not respect sovereignty of neutral states. However, the role of neutralism broke down at the event of the two world wars, which reflected the changes of interdependence among the states. Aside from economic targets, military targets also covered every nation, thus rejecting the tenets of neutrality at hand. Moreover, World Wars has underpinned isolationism by the end of nineteenth century. America’s isolationism broke down in the twentieth century when they started entering into treaties to strengthen commercial supremacy. The Spanish American War pushed US to acquire alliances and commitments in the Far East and the Caribbean. Following this course, isolationists in the US have started to decline its power and influence, when the US government started supporting their Allies amidst the First World War (Jonas, 1966). After the World War I, US, under the regime of Woodrow Wilson entered the League of Nations. Entry to the League of Nations is a means of entry towards collective security, thus challenging the political position of isolationists. The League served as bridge for international alliance – arbiter for territorial disputes brought by the war, and served as international police to avoid another war breakout. Though the League failed in containing the Second World War and was finally disbanded in 1946, it brought about the birth of United Nations in the international scene. That by 1930s, internationalism has finally reached America, rooted from their goal to contain rising dictatorships in the global arena. The interval between the two world wars developed a sense of â€Å"commitment† among the American government to world law, collective security and a sense of policing the international arena, thus forming internationalism. Rise of Internationalism The Great Depression in America has caused people to be more concerned in reviving the economy. And as if seeing another war performance could bring in dictatorship in US, citizens still favored isolationism. Though, the Depression still has pushed countries particularly US and Britain together to boost their withering economies. The Japanese militarism gave them opportunities to commit aggressions in the South East Asia, uniting with Germany and Italy. Japan also signed a neutrality pact with the USSR to protect its borders. The continuing aggressions of Japanese military and government, and pursuing of certain territories created hostilities between Japan and United States, which led to American oil embargoes. American protectionism in Eastern Asia had caused further friction with Japan. Japanese attack on the Pearl Harbor, marked the end of classic isolationism in US. The simultaneous Japanese attacks against US allies intensified and prompted both sides to form alliances against each other. When US became a member of the United Nations, and the America First Committee was broken up. It followed that US also agreed to engage in the military alliance, North Atlantic Treaty Organization. And in 1950s and 1960s, US intervened in wars against the Koreans and Vietnamese, respectively. The US emergence as superpower after the Second World War, marked the start of internationalism. The war and downfall of France, prompted American president Roosevelt to become more linked towards other countries by sending aids to the Allied powers. US became more and more involved in foreign relations, as they were active participant for the NATO, and they instigated the Marshall Plan. Their efforts to contain the spread of communism has gotten them more indulged in global expansion. (Cole, 1983). The Post World War and the Nazis The effects of the World War 1 prompted the rise of Hitler into power and lead the Nationalist Socialist Party in Germany. This reorganization in the German government was a direct opposition to the rising internationalism trend set by the United States. As the Nazi government has changed their policies from the old Bolshevik ways towards centralization of power and hierarchal constitution. At the brink of 1930s totalitarian control of the state was employed and leadership of the government were attributed to loyal Nazis and pure German bloods. Hitler eliminated all liberal democratic opponents in the government as a policy of his reorganization of the German Society, thus promoting centralization of the State. The effects of Nazism in the international order is employed in the remilitarization of the Rhine Island, formation of the Italo-German Fascist Axis that opposed the US led alliance, intervention into the Spanish Civil War, non aggression pact with the Soviet and the invasion of Poland which resulted in the outbreak of the Second World War. Laws and Treaties Effected in 1926 – 1941 †¢ Versailles Treaty – although the Versailles Treaty was founded in 1919, it was an important benchmark in peace keeping vis-a-vis the grounds for isolationism and internationalism. After the World War I, borders were redrawn and new political ideas were bounded, thus each ethnicity now vying for their own national interests. It brought communism to consolidate powers, and prompted anit-communist countries such as the US to promote containment of such. †¢ Washington Conference of 1921 – a treaty signed towards respect for Pacific possessions and to guarantee and open door and Chinese independence. †¢ Rogers Act of 1924 – this act merged diplomatic and consular services to create Foreign Services. This is viewed as the imperial legacy of 1898 war. †¢ Good Neighborism of 1927 – Hoover and Coolidge sought an end for military interventions. Marines were pulled back, although they were also returned after two years in Nicaragua. †¢ Clark Memo of 1928 – it repudiated â€Å"police power† notion of US doctrines, but still reserved the right for intervention as defense in case of wars. †¢ Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 – this was signed by 64 nations including Japan and Germany. It says: â€Å"to outlaw war as an â€Å"instrument of national policy† but more an â€Å"international kiss† with no means of enforcement †¢ Stimson Doctrine of 1931 – this one abolished the Black Chamber in 1929. it was considered as the high tide of isolationism, though Japan was given no sanctions when it invaded Manchuria. †¢ 1936 Neutrality Pact – forbid US loans to nations at war †¢ 1937 Pittman Resolution – prohibited Americans to travel on ships of belligerent powers †¢ 1939 Neutrality Pact – allowed US vessels to convoy war materials to Britain †¢ 1941 Lend-Lease Act – appropriated $7 billion as aid for the Axis foes Robbins, Bruce. (1999) Feeling global: Inernationalism in Distress. Cole, Wayne S. (1983) America, Roosevelt, and the Isolationists, 1932–1945. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Manfred Jonas. (1966) Isolationism in America, 1935–1941.