Is Aeneas pious Essay Example for Free

Is Aeneas devout Essay For some, Aeneas is the characterisation of devotion: he respects his obligation to the divine beings and his fate, his obligation to his family, to his kin, network and to his homeland and he sticks to unemotional qualities. Ostensibly the most significant part of devotion is the adherence to his obligation to the divine beings and his fate, which I will talk about first. In book 1, Venus appears to her child, Aeneas in the pretense of ‘a Spartan young lady out chasing, wearing the dress of a Spartan young lady and conveying her weapons’. Aeneas perceives that the young lady is Augustus additionally exalted Julius in the Lex Titia in 43 BC, which sanctioned the Second Triumvirate and denoted the finish of the Roman Republic. Augustus summoned the Lax Papia Poppaea in 9 AD to empower marriage by making it all the more monetarily reasonable to be hitched and have youngsters than to not. He likewise made infidelity deserving of expulsion by passing the Lex Iulia de Adulteriis Coercendis in 17 BC, and broadly expelled his solitary natural little girl, Julia the Elder in 2 BC. This empowered family solidarity more than previously, and urged fathers to remain with their spouses and kids, particularly as there was an additional duty set on unmarried men over the age of 30. Aeneas exhibits a mind blowing feeling of obligation to his kin, network and mother country directly from the earliest starting point of the sonnet. After the tempest incited by Juno and Aeolus, and Aeneas and his men are saved by Neptune, who is angry that they were changing the common example of his oceans, without his authorization. Aeneas thinks about his men first, thus, when he saw a crowd of deer, he chased, and slaughtered ‘seven immense bodies (which he laid) on the ground, one for each of the ships’. This shows how he takes into account their necessities before his own. The family divine beings, which include in book 2, are illustrative of the Trojan people group, thus when Aeneas, ‘fresh from all the battling and killing’, will not contact them along these lines, it shows his veneration for the network. In book 4, he likewise shows thought towards the network, yet Dido’s people group in Carthage. Mercury discloses to us how he ‘caught sight of Aeneas establishing the frameworks of’ Carthage with Dido. This commitment to the more extensive network, despite the fact that it implies that he is deviating from his fate, is as yet exhibiting devotion. Aeneas not just holds the Funeral Games in book 5 out of respect for his dad, however to likewise raise the confidence of his men. Aeneas holds different races and matches which permit his men to be upbeat after the demise of Dido, which they would have suspected occurred, and furthermore after the passing of Anchises, and furthermore of different men of the team. Virgil speaks to Aeneas as having virtus, as he shrouds his actual feelings inside, to secure his men. In book 1, Aeneas, despite the fact that ‘he was wiped out with every one of his considerations(;) he appeared (his men) the substance of expectation and kept his hopelessness somewhere down in his heart’, which would have served to raise the assurance of the men, in the event that they realized their pioneer was not disturbed, they would be shown others how its done. Augustus exhibited his consideration for his locale by giving 400 sercestes to each of ‘the Roman plebs’ in 44 BC out of his own cash. He additionally ‘restored the Capitol, and the performance center of Pompey, (†¦) reestablished the channels of the water channels, (and) finished the Forum Julium and the bascilla between the sanctuaries of Castor and Saturn’ all through his rule, up until 12 AD. In spite of Aeneas and furthermore Augustus, as Aeneas is a characterisation of Augustus, Mezentious isn't devout in his consideration of his locale and individuals. Virgil delineates him as a stunning pioneer and in book 8; the artist unveils how the pioneer conceived another type of torment ‘whereby living men were roped to dead bodies, composing them hand to hand and eye to eye, to bite the dust a waiting passing overflowing with festering flesh’. Mezentius’ scorn for his men differences to Aeneas’ care and regard for his own men, and undoubtedly all things considered, as we see Aeneas saves the Greek, overlooked by Odysseus (Ulixes) from the Cyclopses, which improves our perspectives on Aeneas’ devotion in contrast with this terrible pioneer. Aeneas’ devotion is regularly characterized by how he exhibits apathy, and he does as such all through the sonnet. Stoics accepted that the thought of destiny must be regarded and that no human man could, or ought to meddle with destiny, as it is an inescapable power. The capacity to suffer what destiny tosses at you is additionally a significant apathetic quality, and one that Aeneas shows over and over. In book 1, Aeneas drives his men through the tempest began by Aeolus and Juno, until they are saved by Neptune. He bears the tempest, and persuades his men to trust in him after the tempest, and this is essentially why he is such a decent pioneer on account of his purpose and perseverance, which additionally characterizes his devout nature. A key aloof conviction is judiciousness of the universe, and highlights inside Aeneas. Stoics accepted that a reasonable, and obviously, male brain is the best head for any network, and this is the main route for a network to flourish under one, judicious, male pioneer. Circumstantially Augustus Caesar fits these models, thus, needed to execute Anthony. In like manner Cleopatra, what dido's identity is demonstrated of, needed to bite the dust she was female as was unreasonable, so was a terrible pioneer, and this likewise clarifies why she was so energetic, in light of the fact that the apathetic generalization of a lady, is that they are enthusiastic, passionate and silly. The separation among people is framed from the partiality that ladies are nonsensical, and the generalization that men are naturally normal. All through the sonnet, we are given the juxtaposition of the silly females, dominatingly Dido and Juno, and the discernment of Aeneas and Jupiter. Jupiter controls destiny, introducing judiciousness upon the universe and Juno endeavors to wreck destiny, keeping Aeneas from following his fate, which, obviously, doesn't work. The triumph of Jupiter’s destiny is appeared by how Jupiter guides Aeneas, which shows how the levelheadedness of the male psyche can't be ousted by a silly female, even one who is a goddess. Virgil was supposed to accept that affection and abhor were both excess as they were both idea which faltered from the ‘path’ of destiny, making two alternate extremes that were similarly negative to an apathetic. This maybe clarifies why Virgil shows that the acknowledgment of destiny and your predetermination is the best way to accomplish judiciousness. Virgil’s relationship with Augustus clarifies why ladies are depicted as negative, since Augustus was intrinsically an emotionless, and accepted that ladies were nonsensical, and bound for overwhelming the household circle, while men ought to rule legislative issues and war. Stoics were firm adherents of the idea of ‘mind over matter’, introduced by the Trojan women’s matter of flares, which are quenched by the ‘mind’ (or destiny) when Aeneas needs to head out not long after the Funeral Games. The writer presents his crowd with fire for enthusiasm, want and torment which all speak to demolition. We gain from his epic sonnet that Virgil accepts that these toxic feelings won't succeed when confronted with destiny, as ladies are basically connected with fire, as we see Juno much of the time depicted as ‘burning with passion’, and we additionally observe Turnus portrayed as ‘burning’, critically both effeminising him and disdaining war. Aeneas frequently needs to manage the loss of his men with the goal that he can accomplish his fate; one such survivor of Aeneas’ destiny is Creusa, who passes on before they even leave Troy and another is Aeneas’ father, Anchises. He accomplishes almost beyond words mature age, in spite of the fact that Aeneas despite everything grieves his demise. Aeneas must acknowledge that there are losses that must be suffered on the off chance that he can accomplish his fate. The dad child relationship was one that was impacted by apathetic convictions, as stoics accepted that the dad figure (pater patria) ought to consistently be obeyed as he is astute. Toward the start of the sonnet, Anchises is the pater patria, anyway once Anchises kicks the bucket, Aeneas takes over as the pater patria. Aeneas demonstrates his devotion to his dad by emblematically conveying him on his shoulders out of Troy, organizing him much over his lone child. These meanings of devotion are interlinked, and can't exist without the others, be that as it may, once in a while we see that to satisfy one piece of devotion, Aeneas must overlook another, thus the principles of what characterizes a devout individual are plainly not unchangeable. All things considered, Aeneas is in the same class as a depiction of a devout individual there is, and he is an impression of how Augustus wished to be seen. Along these lines, we need to ask ourselves, as the Roman crowd would have: Aeneas is without a doubt devout and as devout as one man can, hypothetically, be, yet would he say he is unachievably devout? Thus, does this make him as a very remarkable character of folklore as the beasts he experienced in heck, and along these lines, I feel the significant inquiry isn't: ‘is Aeneas devout? ’ yet is rather, for what reason would he say he is devout? On the off chance that Aeneas was not devout, and was rather a copy of Homer’s Odysseus, who is regularly spoken to as Aeneas’ direct opposite, would there be any reason in Virgil’s sonnet? No, there would not, and this is the reason Aeneas is appeared as devout, and was accepted to be the perfect man by the Romans, a shape for which to cast their own characters in and structure themselves by.

Violence And TV Essays - Dispute Resolution, Crime, Criminology

Brutality And TV English 111, Section 06 23 October 1999 television: The Other Parent Is it guardians' flaw or youngsters' that they sit hours in front their large gleaming box hypnotized, and learning vicious conduct as a methods for identifying with others. Reality with regards to TV viciousness and youngsters has been appeared. Studies have been done and all the outcomes point to a similar end: Violence on TV influences the conduct of kids who are watching it. Truth be told, savagery on TV makes kids be progressively brutal, and the impacts could be deep rooted. A few analysts and therapists accept that proceeded presentation to brutality can accelerate the effect of the grown-up world on a youngster's life (Douglas Carter T. V. Savagery and the Child). Presentation to rough material can drive the youngster into a sort of untimely development, and make the youngster become dumbfounded and have a more noteworthy doubt towards others. It even could cause the kid to have clumsy way to deal with grown-up issues and they may even build up a longing not to become grown-ups. TV viciousness can decimate a youthful youngster's brain, and the impacts might be ever enduring. This is made clear in New York, where a 16-year-old kid broke into a basement. At the point when the police got him what's more, asked him for what reason he was wearing gloves, he said that he had learned not to leave fingerprints from TV. Furthermore, significantly another case in Alabama where a nine-year-old got an awful report from his instructor and had plans to send her harmed sweets like he had seen the prior night on a TV appear (Michael Howe J. A. TV and Children). This demonstrates in the wake of survey TV savagery the world, through a youngster's eyes, gets twisted in correlation. The youngsters make brutality to help keep them-selves fulfilled. The explanation kids are so attracted to the viciousness on TV today is that the characters on TV make it look fun, so the kids think that its enjoyable to mirror. The Mighty Morphin' Power Officers are a prime case of children copying TV characters as fun. Our government has led a trial where kids were disregarded in a room with a TV playing a tape of other kids at play, and soon things got out of hand. The children who had quite recently observed business brutality acknowledged a lot higher levels of hostility than other youngsters. Also, in other research led, it was discovered that U.S. kids feed off one another's animosity, scholastic issues, disagreeability with companions, and savagery. What's more, this advances the savage conduct in kids today. It has been discovered that kids who observe more TV are bound to take care of their issues with savagery as opposed to kids who don't, and plunk down to work their issues out. Yet, as much rough programs that there are out in the TV world there were (possibly still are) those projects that show the correct method to determine things. Like the once well known Television arrangement Little House on the Prairie. Michael Landon showed the good benefits of taking care of issues without the utilization of savagery. Fixing this issue isn't simple, it will never leave, and in time will deteriorate. About the main approach to address this ever-developing issue is to stop it where it begins: in the home. The guardians should assume up the liability to be more into what their kids watch. The guardians are the good examples for the kids so if the guardians can show the kids that viciousness isn't essential, alongside keeping a close eye on what they watch, at that point perhaps this issue before long wouldn't be as awful as it is currently. After all the youngsters are everybody's future leaders of this world and what might occur in the event that they were all savage?

What Happens If You Smoke Marijuana

What Happens If You Smoke Marijuana Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print What Happens If You Smoke Marijuana? Reactions with pot can vary widely By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 Sean Gallup Collection / Getty Images News More in Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Cocaine Heroin Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The reaction you may have when trying marijuana can vary dramatically based on many factors.?? Some people report not feeling anything at all when they smoke marijuana. In other cases, people report feeling relaxed or high. Some people who use  marijuana report having sudden feelings of anxiety and paranoid thoughts and that might be caused by trying a higher potency marijuana, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse.?? Research also shows that regular use of marijuana is linked to an increased risk of depression, anxiety and a loss of motivation or drive.?? You may feel dopey on the drug, which is when you begin to lose interest in activities that you might have previously enjoyed or you may lose the ability to grasp concepts easily. Short-Term Discomforts of Using Weed The effects of using marijuana can be unpredictable, especially when it is mixed with other drugs, research shows. You may feel relaxed on the drug, but other things you might not be expecting with pot use can include rapid heart rate and other unpleasantries.?? Dry mouthSwollen eyelidsBloodshot eyesLoss of coordinationAccelerated heart rate Short-Term Hazards As with any drug or substance that can alter perception, logic and usual behavior, there are several short-term hazards of using marijuana from impairing driving abilities to memory loss.?? Learning difficultiesLack of attention and focusPoor driving skillsAnxiety and paranoiaImpaired memoryDifficulty in thinking Long-Term Hazards Any drug that is taken over a prolonged period of time can have an effect on your health. Several of the physical barriers that can occur range from infertility problems to overall brain functions.?? An increased risk of developing lung, head, and neck cancersLack of motivationDecreased sperm count in menIrregular menstruation in womenRespiratory problemsHeightened risk of infections, especially the lungsPoor short-term memory recallInability to shift attention normallyInability to understand complex information? Unpredictable Reactions The National Institute on Drug Abuse reports that marijuana can affect each person differently according to their own body chemistry and the type of pot used.?? Some people can use weed and never have any negative reactions while others may try it and get entirely freaked out by the experience. Your biology (genetic makeup)Marijuanas strength (amount of active ingredient THC)Previous experience with the drugHow its taken (smoked versus ingested)Whether alcohol or other drugs are taken too? Not Your Grandfathers Pot   Studies have found that the marijuana available today is much different in terms of potency compared to what was generally available in the 1960s  when the use of the drug became widespread in the United States.?? Todays strains of the plant contain much more of the active ingredient in marijuana: tetrahydrocannabinol or THC, researchers say.?? That makes todays weed much more potent than that smoked by the hippies and flower children of the Woodstock generation. Edible Marijuana Products More Potent? As recreational marijuana becomes legal in more states in the U.S., more edible products containing marijuana are hitting the market. When marijuana is ingested it is absorbed by the body more slowly and the effects can last longer and be stronger.?? Emergency rooms have reported an increase of cases involving negative reactions to marijuana and many of those cases can be traced back to edible marijuana products.

Are Muslims Exempt from Obama Health Care Law

Are Muslims exempt from carrying health insurance under the health care reform law signed by President Barack Obama in 2010? At least one widely circulated email claims that Muslims are indeed exempt from The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Acts individual mandate provision, which requires Americans to carry health insurance or face financial penalties. Muslims are specifically exempted from the government mandate to purchase insurance, and also from the penalty tax for being uninsured, the email reads. Islam considers insurance to be gambling, risk-taking and usury and is thus banned. Muslims are specifically granted exemption based on this. The email immediately raises a red flag given widespread rumors that Obama is secretly a Muslim. So is there any truth to it? Exemptions From Health Care Reform Law The health care reform law does, in fact, include a religious conscience clause that allows certain recognized religious sects an exemption to the individual mandate. The health care reform law defines those sects as ones that are also exempt from Social Security payroll taxes under 26 U.S. Code section 1402(g)(1). In other words, religious sects that seek exemption from the health care reform laws individual mandate must also waive all benefits from Social Security and Medicare. The health care reform law does not, however, specify which religious sects are, or are not, eligible for such an exemption - Muslim or otherwise. Historically, the overwhelming majority of religious sects that have sought and received exemptions from Social Security are Mennonite and Amish groups. Most if not all Mennonite and Amish groups eschew traditional, commercial health insurance in favor of plans set up by their church districts. Could Muslims Seek Exemption from Health Care Reform Law Could Muslims seek exemption from the health care reform law? Yes, but they have given no indication of intending to do so. Muslims living in non-Islamic countries such as the United States do not believe it is a sin to comply with the health care reform law. The Muslim scholar Sheikh Muhammed Al-Munajjid advises those practicing Islam in such countries: If you are forced to take out insurance and there is an accident, it is permissible for you to take from the insurance company the same amount as the payments you have made, but you should not take any more than that. If they force you to take it then you should donate it to charity. Until that belief changes, the email about Muslims exempt from the health care reform law being circulated by conspiracy theorists remains bogus. Is Congress Exempt from Obamacare? In the uproar over the law’s passage, claims that members of Congress had exempted themselves from Obamacare quickly spread across social media. However, the law actually singled out lawmakers—Republicans and Democrats—and their staffs by forcing them to give up their standard government employee health insurance and buy insurance from the Obamacare health care marketplaces. While lawmakers and their staffs do get their traditional employer contribution to put toward a plan from the marketplaces, they must still get insurance like everyone else to avoid paying a tax penalty. Who is Exempt from Obamacare? In fact, there are two categories of individuals who are exempt from Obamacare: criminals and Native Americans. Incarcerated Criminals   The Affordable Care Act specifically provides that â€Å"incarcerated individuals excluded.† The health care of inmates is the responsibility of the prisons housing them. The level of care inmates receive varies by state, but typically includes regular check-ups and emergency care. Native Americans Members of federally recognized Native Indian tribes are exempt from Obamacare. While they are not required to have insurance, they receive free health care through the U.S. Indian Health Service under one of several long-standing treaties with the federal government. Updated by Robert Longley

Reflection Of Reflection On Practice - 2506 Words

SNPG 950 ASSESSMENT 2 REFLECTION FOR PRACTICE Reflection for practice in health care is predetermined skilled activity where individual evaluates and explains own ideas, feelings, behavior and intervention and provides clinical reason of its effectiveness. Reflection is a process of looking at own behavior and changing self rather than expecting others to change. While changing self, values and moral should be considered. However cultural background, workplace culture highly influences the values. For example: medical restrain: Medical restrain is restricting the movement of a patient with slight pain in order to prevent harming themselves and others. At the time when I used to work in an institution I have seen many cases of restrain. I†¦show more content†¦While restraining patient I strictly maintained the patient safety, comfort and psychological need. During the period, I monitor the nutritional level, hydration and monitor for input and output. I maintained interpersonal relationship, provide psychological support . I followed the professional value as well. While complying the professional value, I closely surveillance for the physical safety and change the place of restraint in every two hours which improves the blood circulation in affected area and allow patient for movement and minimizes the risk of bruises and wound. In an addition, recording was done and proper handover was given to other workers. And with the discussion of health care team member, the patient action plan was designed and implemented. Throughout the care I was honest with my patient and his family member and provided a clear information to them. Rolfe model is the reflective approach based on three questions what, so what and now what. Again exploring restraint further according to Rolfe model it is described in followings: 1) What: In this section, the main event is identified like: patient aggression is an issue. Anger is seen in most of the psychiatric case. However, sometimes general patient can be aggressive due to the long-term hospital stay, confusing medical treatment, attitude ofShow MoreRelatedReflection Of Reflection And Reflective Practice1584 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrate my understanding of reflection and reflective practice. Reflection means that we learn by thinking about our experiences and seeing them in a different way. (Dewey, 1938) suggested that, ‘we learn by doing and realising what came of what we did’. Nurses experience physical, hands on, during their roles, but unless they search for the knowledge that comes from realising what came of what they did, then practice standards will deteriorate. Reflective practice is vital for nurses, responsibleRead MoreReflection in Practice7253 Words   |  30 Pagesmaking Practice-Based Learning work Reflection on PRACTICE A resource commissioned by the Making Practice Based Learning Work project, an educational development project funded through FDTL Phase 4 Project Number 174/02 and produced by staff from the University of Ulster. www.practicebasedlearning.org Author Patricia McClure School of Health Sciences, University of Ulster www.practicebasedlearning.org contents Reflection on Practice 02 The Role of ReflectiveRead MoreReflection On Reflective Practice1648 Words   |  7 PagesReflective Practice Reflection means deliberately taking time to review the happenings of a certain matter and processing how that matter was handled, how it could have been better handled, and how it should be handled in the event that it happens again. This is a practice that I have made a part of my daily life. I reflect over my day on my twenty minute drive home. It allows me to process my day with a critical eye. Often, I feel that I could have handled things differently. There are also daysRead Morecritical reflection practice2329 Words   |  10 PagesCritical reflection. What do we really mean? Patricia Lucas Auckland University of Technology (and PhD student Deakin University) Do we really know what critical reflection means in the context of work-integrated learning, more specifically cooperative education? Critical reflection, in some form, is located within many higher education programmes, including cooperative education and many educators would say this is important for in-depth student learning. It is a form of reflection that isRead MoreClinical Practice Reflection1592 Words   |  7 PagesREFLECTIVE CLINICAL PRACTICE EXPERIENCE Introduction My reflective clinical practice experience was based on my eight weeks placement in an acute mental health ward in a hospital. 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It is therefore important that nurses purposefully use and develop their critical thinking ability in order to deliver safe and effectiveRead MoreJohns Reflection And Gibbs Reflection in Nursing Practice1931 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: In this essay, I will discuss several issues that seem to bind nursing practice with questions of ethics, sociology and management. Reflective practice is an important aspect of nursing management and in this essay we discuss implications of discrimination in nursing care and examine the importance of anti-discriminatory perspectives in nursing. In this paper, the case study I will elaborate is of an elderly woman who was of a non-British ethnic origin and spoke little English. A juniorRead MoreReflection: Surgery and Reflective Practice1110 Words   |  5 Pagesassignment critically discusses a reflective practice with regards to a clinical placement I undertook. In the following critical incident that I encountered I will utilize the Gibbs Reflective Model. Gibbs reflective model is fairly straightforward and encourage a clear description of the situation. Analysis of feelings, evaluation of the experience, analysis to make sense of the experience, conclusion and action plan where other options are considered and reflection upon experience to examine what you wouldRead MoreReflection Of Clinical Practice794 Words   |  4 Pagesprepared for mortuary and putting canulla and taking it out. These skills will be discussed in this essay using (Gibb’s, 1988) model. I have chosen to use Gibb’s model because I find this model easier to use and understand to guide me through my reflection process. Moreover, this model will be useful in breaking the new skills that I have developed into a way that I can understand. This model will also enable me to turn my experiences into knowledge that I can refer to in the future when facing sameRead MoreReflection On Reflective Practice946 Words   |  4 PagesReflective Practice Journal Healthcare reform has caused many new changes in how patients are cared for in today’s society. Healthcare is now centered on the patient actively participating in their plan of care. The focus of healthcare is to maintain a safe environment for patients and improve patient outcomes by following evidenced based practice procedures that help guide the nurse in delivering patient centered care. Informatics, Quality, and Safety While taking this course, a key aspect that

Psychological Foundation of Education Free Essays

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (University of the City of Manila) Gen. Luna St. Intramuros, Manila Graduate School of Arts, Sciences and Education Course Code and Title:Foundation of Education Title:Psychological Foundation Professor:Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological Foundation of Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ofelia D. Lazarte Date:March 8, 2008 Teaching and learning are complex processes that bring people together. While teaching consist of behaviors are practiced by the teacher to facilitate and development of the individual, learning implies a relatively permanent change in behavior potentiality resulting from maturation and experience. Teaching and learning are both psychological processes. They are the main concerns of the teacher since learning is the ultimate purpose of teaching. The teacher who has a knowledge of the theories and principles of human development specifically intellectual development can design learning activities appropriate learner and will promote effective learning. The educative process has three components namely, the learner who is the center of the educative process in a school, the teachers who provides needed learning opportunities ands guide learners, and the learning process undertaken to achieve the desired outcomes. There are two general factors that affect the human development: heredity and environment. Heredity and environment complement and supplement each other in every phase of growth and development. In the life span of human beings, there are stages of development based on the chronological age of individuals. These are prenatal period, infancy or babyhood, early childhood, late childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle age and old age. Corresponding to each stage are certain characteristics and social expectations termed developmental tasks. Several theories of development were formulated by psychologists to explain behavioral changes at various stages of development. The five theories of development are Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, Vygotsky’s theory of development, Erikson’s psychological theory of development, Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. For successful teaching, educators should understand variations among individuals. They show physical, intellectual, and behavioral differences. Learning is the acquisition through maturation and experience of new and more knowledge, skills, and attitudes that will enable the learner to make better and more adequate reactions, responses, and adjustments to new situations and conditions. An understanding of the nature of learning and the conditions under which learning takes place is very important to the teacher. There are three types of learning Cognitive learning which pertains to the acquisition of knowledge, facts and information, principles, ideas, concepts, understanding, reasoning. Affective learning which involves the process of acquiring good attitudes ideas, judgment and values and Psychomotor learning which involves the use of the muscles in bodily movement. Learning theories are classified as behavioral learning theories and cognitive learning theories. Among the behavioral theories are: Thorndike’s connectionism; Skinner’s operant conditioning; Pavlov’s classical conditioning; and Albert Bandura’s social learning theories. Cognitive theories of learning emphasize the concept that learning is a process of discovering and understanding relationships. Among the cognitive theories are; Kurt Lewin’s field theory, Kohler’s insight theory, Ausebels’s meaningful learning theory, Bruner’s cognitive theory, and information-processing theories. The teacher is the key factor in the classroom learning situation. She performs varied roles as model, manager, counselor, facilitator and evaluator of learning. Motivation is the process of arousing and sustaining interest in activity in order to achieve a goal. There are two kinds of motivation; intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic is an internal stimulus that arouses one to action while extrinsic motivation is an external stimulus to action. It comes in the form of praise, high grades, medals, incentives, etc. There are various theories of motivation related to learning. A well-known theory of motivation is by Abraham Maslow. Other motivation theories are David McClellands need achievement theory and attribution theory. Communication is also very important in the learning situation. In the classroom, different patterns of classroom interaction are adopted by the teacher and students ensure effective learning. Knowing and understanding learning styles will enables the teacher to design strategies and methods of teaching that will match diversity of learning styles among pupils. How to cite Psychological Foundation of Education, Papers

Courage is the Root to Success free essay sample

Stepping off the kindergarten bus, I laid my eyes on the neighbor’s enormous, yellow Labrador, staring me into a tremble. The beast had its tongue hanging out , panting furiously. Feeling my palms begin to quiver and sweat, I slowly closed them into tight, nervous fists. However before I could fully process the situation, the dog took one step forward, driving me over the edge. Dropping everything I had been holding, I spun around, and took off as fast as my 5 year-old legs could carry me. Running away is every human’s automatic response when facing danger and fear. Courage is required to overcome that urge to flee from a conflict. Such courage is a priceless virtue that people learn through life experiences, and self-development. â€Å"He who lacks courage thinks with his legs.† – Coach John Wooden. Someone who does not have gallantry, and is afraid to face a challenge, does nothing to overcome a conflict. We will write a custom essay sample on Courage is the Root to Success or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The mammoth dog caught up with me in just a matter of seconds. When it was right behind me, the ferocious dog bit me, right on the back of my thigh, and I felt the pain surge. Till this day, I still have the scar. From this experience I learned that trying to avoid a challenge only makes matters worse, for the problem will not disappear. Challenges are a part of our everyday life. Just one year ago, I was signed up to participate in a flute recital. That recital would be my debut in playing music in front of a large crowd. As normal, I was almost unbearably nervous. Every time the announcer would congratulate, and thank a musician for performing, my back would stiffen, and my stomach would churn, for it meant there was one less person to play before it would be my turn. At one point, my mind lingered on the thought of retreating, and deciding not to perform after all. However, that thought would be quickly terminated due to the experience with the dog. In that incident, I did not face the challenge, and was punished with a painful bite on the thigh. Not wanting to give up on a challenge again, I stepped up to the stage, and played my best. I am no longer that five year old girl running frantically away from a large dog. Courage, and valor are needed in everyday life to overcome conflict and fear. My past experiences taught me that no matter how large or small a challenge was, one should never try to subside it. Instead, a person should view a problem as an opportunity to gain experience and to learn a lesson about bravery. â€Å"Courage is simply the willingness to be afraid and act anyway.† – Dr. Robert Anthony.

Strategy of Google Company

Introduction Google Company was started in 1996 by two computer science graduates from Stanford University. The two graduates developed the search engine and named it Back Rub. One year later, the search engine had gained popularity among the Silicon Valley Internet Users.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Strategy of Google Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They changed the name from Back and Rub to Google in 1998. Since then, this company has experienced a massive growth in the internet industry. It was ranked the best search engine in the world. The company recently launched a mailing system, G-mail, which would allow its users to send and receive emails, share pictures and many other services that other industry players had not come up with in this industry. It has the largest market share, with a market growth that has remained positively skewed for the last ten years. Currently, the company has pa rtnered with a number of mobile telephone manufactures to develop internet enabled phones. This has earned it a lot of revenue. In 2006, it acquired YouTube as a strategy to expand its market share and sources of revenue. Through this, the company has become the largest internet advertiser, earning it more income. The management entered into alliance with Logitech, Sony, Adobe and DISH Network to develop Google TV. This would provide users with television channels and recorded programs on demand. SWOT Analysis This company can best be analyzed through SWOT analysis. Kotler and Armstrong (2010) note that this brings to focus a competitive advantage of a firm. The company has several strengths that make it maintain its market lead. This company has had time to expand its financial base. As at December 31, 2009, the company had an asset base of $40,496,477. This huge financial strength makes it easy to effectively compete in the market. The company has the widest geographical coverage than any other search engine. It was rated the best search engine in 2010. Its mailing system has been rated as the most reliable in the world, outsmarting some of the traditional players like yahoo. Its acquisition of YouTube has made it able to attract advertising firms, making it increase its market share. The company has a team of highly innovative employees. This has seen it develop some products that are widely accepted in the market. However, the company has some weaknesses that have limited its ability to expand at a rate that had been predicted by the management. One major weakness of this company is its inability to control spammers. Through the advertisements made by the customers, a good number are fraudsters. This has seen many of the Google’s customers complain because of the loss from this. Its aggression into the mobile telephone sector may also jeopardize its ability to concentrate in other sectors.Advertising Looking for case study on business economic s? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are several opportunities that exist for this company in the world market. Its partnership with Logitech, Sony, Intel, DISH Network and Adobe to provide programmed television services introduces it into a new industry that will enable it attract more customers to its current base. It also has the opportunity to attract Smartphone companies in developing other new models of phones. The main threat of this company is the competing firms in this market. Firms like yahoo, Ask, Facebook, Tweeter and Flickr are eating into the market share of this company. Other external threats include hackers who are able to hijack in the system and interfere with the normal operations of this firm. References Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2010). Principles of Marketing. 13th Ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education Press. This case study on Strategy of Google Company was written and submitted by user Ramon A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

SPIN EVERYTHING

SPIN EVERYTHING I recently wrote a guest post for Carol Tices phenomenal blog called MAKE A LIVING WRITING. My post was entitledHow I Got More Writing Assignments With Multiple Personality Querying. makealivingwriting.com/2012/07/25/multiple-personality-query-letters/ In answering the comments, I realized that as writers, we have to spin everything we do. No, spin is not a bad four-letter word. Per Wikipedia, the public relations version of the word SPIN is a form of propaganda, achieved through providing an interpretation of an event or campaign to persuade public opinion in favor or against a certain organization or public figure. That definition might be a bit too defined, however, because spin is basically persuasion to achieve an end. Absolutely everything you write has SPIN in it. Every friggin thing. When you write a blog, you are coaxing people to follow you, maybe buy your work. When you pitch a magazine, you are convincing the editor you have the qualifications to write the feature. When you query an agent or publisher, you are enticing (hopefully not begging) them to acquire your writing. When you leave a comment on a blog, Facebook or Twitter, you are leaving a piece of yourself, hoping someone takes interest and follows you. Never do we write without a purpose, without the effort of grabbing people and drawing them in. i.e., SPIN But this is also a form of showing how your qualifications match the needs of the reader/agent/editor/magazine. Its not begging. Showing someone how much you know, how you achieved that knowledge, and where you are currently appreciated, is no more than matching your needs with theirs. To NOT do so is almost a deception in itself. So get over the queasiness of promoting yourself. Its a moral duty to paint yourself in your best light . . . so the person on the other end can make the best informed decision about you. Its not blatant self-promotion. Its telling the truth. (And SPIN can be a GOOD thing.)

Individual Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Individual Report - Essay Example The fundamental principle towards achieving a successful integrated marketing strategy for a product entails both the combination of the traditional and the non-traditional marketing promotional methods, to enhance the synergies of different promotional tactics, such that together, they can produce brand equity for the product. The creation of a synergy for different promotional tactics ensures that the weakness associated with one promotional tactic is offset by the strengths of the other promotional methods, thus building a marketing strategy for a brand that is consistent, clear and easily understandable, and which increases the impact of the marketing campaign (Zvobgo & Melewar, 2011:12). Thus, this discussion seeks to establish Strategic marketing communications approach that can be applied towards ensuring the success of Sony and its SP3 product, with a view to applying a combination of different promotional strategies, to tell the overall product story of (PlayStation 3) to the market. To achieve this, the discussion will seek to establish the weakness associated with each of the available promotional tactics for the products and determine how each of the weaknesses is offset by the application of an integrated system of various marketing promotional tactics. The suitable marketing approach that has been devised for Sony is the APPD approach. The APPD marketing approach focuses on the application of four key marketing strategies; Advertising, Personal selling, Public Relations and Direct marketing as the basis of a product promotion. Under this strategic marketing approach, both the traditional and the non-traditional marketing tactics are applied, to enhance a synergy that increases the impact of the advertising and promotional campaign. Advertising is one of the marketing tactics that will be combined with the other three components of the devised APPD marketing approach for SP3 product,

Synchronized Access to Shared Memory by Multiple Essay

Synchronized Access to Shared Memory by Multiple - Essay Example Various techniques which can be used to achieve this are discussed in the following paper. A multi-core processor (or chip-level multiprocessor, CMP) combines two or more independent cores (normally a CPU) into a single package composed of a single integrated circuit (IC). The below diagram "Dual CPU Core Chip" (Schmitz, 2004) gives an idea about it. The principle behind current Multi-Processing (MP) systems is that computations requiring large amount of CPU usage could be broken up into many relatively independent parts. These parts, called threads, while being executed simultaneously, could either be of the same or different process. Since these threads could be inter-dependant, issues of memory architecture and in particular memory consistency and cache behavior are 'key' to both correctness and performance in multi-processing systems. Multi-Core Processors (CMPs) could be broadly classified as Uniform Memory Access (UMA) processors in which all the CPUs are able to access all the memory with no specific preference or Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) processors, where each CPU may have its own special memory area. A system may maintain memory consistency using hardware or using a combination of hardware and software techniques. Hardware can provide a particular memory ordering guarantee, (hardware will maintain the sequential nature of program memory accesses), while software can be used supplement hardware-provided memory ordering by forcing additional ordering restrictions at desired times. The memory ordering scheme implemented is a design choice involving a tradeoff between hardware complexity, software complexity, and the desired ability to cache and buffer data. Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) Architecture Refer Diagram "NUMA Architecture." (Watson, n.d., p. 4) In NUMA architecture a processor can access its own local memory faster than non-local memory that is, memory local to another processor or memory shared between processors. In this type, all the MPs may or may not be of similar capacity (Asymmetric Multi Processing). Communication between processors is often based on use of shared memory between those processors. An 'Inter Process Interrupt' (IPI) allows CPUs to generate notifications to other CPUs to invalidate entries for a shared region or to request termination. Uniform Memory Access (UMA) Architecture Refer Diagram "UMA Architecture." (Watson, n.d., p. 3) When multiple processors can access the same shared memory, the MP system has to make sure that the ordering of memory access from one processor is made visible to the other processors. Memory Fencing One way to achieve 'Cache Coherence' in a MP environment would be by using 'Fencing' technique. Refer Diagram 'MFDA and MFDR Instruction" (Mittal, 1997, p. 26). In this technique, MP system (11) access and release of shared memory space (15) is done using two special instructions - MFDA and MFDR. The Memory Fence Directional - Acquire (MFDA) (16) instruction locks the specified area from being accessed by other processors. Once the operation is over and data can be released, the Memory Fence Directional - Release (MFDR) (17) instruction is issued. Since an MFDA instruction 'locks' the shared data until its

Role Of Media In Peace Building

Role Of Media In Peace Building History has shown that the media can incite people toward violence. Hitler used the media to create an entire worldview of hatred for Jews, homosexuals, and other minority groups. Rwandas radio RTLM urged listeners to pick up machetes and take to the streets to kill what they called the cockroaches. Broadcasters in the Balkans polarized local communities to the point where violence became an acceptable tool for addressing grievances. The medias impact on the escalation of conflict is more widely recognized than the medias impact on peace-building. Yet it is not uncommon to hear experts pronounce that the medias impact on peace-building must be significant given its powerful impact on conflict. However, this simple relationship must not be taken for granted and should be critically examined in order to most effectively use the media for conflict prevention and peace-building (Wolfsfeld, 2004, p.15) In the last six decades, the influence of the media in the global arena has increasingly been recognized, especially its power to either exacerbate or contain potential conflicts. Indeed it is worth noting that among the defendants during the Nuremburg trials which were constituted by the allied forces following the defeat of the Germany and her allies immediately after the second world war was one Julius Streicher who although never held any official position within the Nazi party hierarchy, was considered to be among the top individuals who bore the greatest responsibility for the holocaust that killed more than six million Jews (Source). For close to twenty five years, Streicher had educated the Germany people in hatred and incited them to the persecution and the extermination of the Jewish race. The propaganda which Streicher carried for close to twenty five years was chiefly done through the medium of his newspaper as the editor of the Der Stuemer and later several other provinc ial journals (Source). As early as the 17th century, Edmund Burke had coined the term the fourth estate, to demonstrate the growing power of the media in periods when power and influence was concentrated in hands of only three classes of society (Source). Although it is still debatable as who was the first to use the word, Burke is said to have remarked that there were estates in Parliament, but in the reporters gallery yonder, there sat the fourth estate more important than four than they all. He was making reference to the traditional three estates of Parliament: The Lords spiritual, the Lords temporal and the Commons (Source). In the last 50 years the media influence has grown exponentially with the advance of technology, first there was the telegraph, then the radio, the newspaper, magazines, television and now the internet. Many people are today fully dependent on the information and communication to keep moving in the right direction and their daily activities like work, entertainment, healthcare, education, personal relationships, traveling are greatly controlled by what they read, hear and see. New communications technologies such as mobile/video phones and laptop computers are allowing journalists to gather and disseminate information with ease from many parts of the world. The digitization of the news industry, which has led to a compression of time and space, means we see news images of demonstrations, riots or coups within minutes of these occurring in the streets. These images not only inform global audiences, but may instigate further campaigns of violence at home. Commercial realities of news gathering have also affected the reporting of conflicts. The higher cost of news gathering in remote regions, coupled with the geopolitical and economic priorities of the West, mean that conflicts occurring at close proximity to the metropolitan centers receive coverage at the expense of those occurring further away in less developed regions of the world. A study of conflict reporting in the worlds major news outlets in 2000 shows that the Israel Palestine conflict was by far the most covered five times greater than the next most covered conflict (Hawkins, 2002) . Virgil Hawkins, the researcher who conducted the study, notes: By contrast, conflict in Africa, which has been, in the post-Cold-War world, is responsible for up to 90 percent of the worlds total war dead suffered an almost complete media blackout. Coverage of the massive war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), which caused in excess of one million deaths in the year 2000, was almost insignificant (p. 231). With the international news agenda controlled by the worlds major media giants, it has become crucial to develop and strengthen media at the local level to maintain diversity of opinion. As media in many developing nations, such as Kenya, move away from state control towards private enterprise, it is essential for local media to find their own voice and professional codes. A well developed media system with professionally trained journalists usually benefits both global and local audiences and provides a vital link to the outside world during conflict situations. The media is a double-edged sword. It can be a frightful weapon of violence when it propagates messages of intolerance or disinformation that manipulate public sentiment; but there is another aspect to the media, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it can be an instrument of conflict resolution, when the information it presents is reliable, respects human rights, and represents diverse views. It is the kind of media that enables a society to mak e well-informed choices, which is the precursor of democratic governance. It is a media that reduces conflict and fosters human security (Source). Today, in every part of the world reliable, accurate and objective media, whether be it mainstream, alternative or traditional/non-conventional, can both help to prevent and resolve conflict through the automatic functions of responsibly disseminating information, furthering awareness and knowledge, promoting participatory and transparent governance, and addressing perceived grievances. In the same vein, inadvertently or overtly propagandistic media may equally fuel tensions and exacerbate conflicts, which in extreme cases like in Rwanda may directly result in genocide (source). 1.1 Background of the Study To argue that media does make a difference means rejecting the view that media are no more than mirrors of something else -consumer choices; elite interests, or reality itself (as in the positivist assertions by some journalists that they simply report the way it is). It is a commonplace to suggest that media provide their audiences with a map of the social and political world beyond their own immediate experience. From this observation about contemporary complex society, flow other notions of media power: agenda setting (media capacity to focus public attention on some events and issues, and away from others); the spiral of silence (the withering of issues and perspectives ignored by media); priming (media ability to influence citizens criteria of political evaluation); cultivation (the gradual adoption of beliefs about the social world that correspond to televisions selective picture of the world), framing, and the ideological effect (the production of meaning in the service of dom ination) (Hackett Carroll, 2006, p.30-31). A less frequently considered but equally pertinent dimension of media influence is their relationship with anti-war movements. Within reasonably democratic states, and in the absence of elite discord, such movements may be the most important buffer within civil society against war. The movement/media relationship is asymmetrical: movements need media (to mobilize support, validate their political existence, and attract new supporters) far more than vice versa (Gamson Wolfsfeld 1993). Media play contradictory but important roles at every stage of their trajectory; their emergence, organizational self-maintenance, and success; when political and foreign policy elites are united around a war policy, dominant media are likely to trivialize or demonize anti-war dissent (Gitlin 1980; Hackett 1991). In the context specifically of war, some scholars see an intensification of media agenda-setting with the advent of real-time, 24-hour, globally distributed television news -most iconically Ber nard Shaws and Peter Arnetts reporting for Cable News Network (CNN) from Baghdad during the 1991 Gulf War. The so-called CNN effect allegedly highlights political uncertainty and incompetence, accelerates the pace at which politicians must respond to crises, and creates expectations and emotions that may force governments, against their initial inclinations, to intervene (or disengage) in conflict situations. The American humanitarian intervention in Somalia is often cited as an example (Spencer, 2005, p.24-38). According to Arnold (2005), the mass media contributed immensely to the propagation of US foreign policy agenda, couching imperial military actions in terms of humanitarian interventions undertaken to promote global freedom and democracy. This gave the US foreign policy the media attention cycle as there was competition among worldwide television and radio networks such as BBC, CNN, FOX TV and Channel 4 as who gets the right information first. This therefore, created huge demand for Western media even in non-western countries. In Africa, several efforts have been made to use the mass media to promote peace. For example, Radio for Peace-Building Africa (RFPA) is a program founded in 2003 by the international non-profit organization Search for Common Ground. The following are the countries in which RFPA is operated: Burundi, Central African Republic, Kenya, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda. Working on the assumption that radio is the most accessible form of mass communication in Africa, RFPA trains journalists in peace-building, conflict resolution, and acting on commonalities. As stated in their achievements, 2010, RFPA has more than 3,000 members representing 100 countries, across Sub-Saharan Africa and beyond. They have carried out over 90 workshops and trained local radio station personnel (Radio for Peace-Building Africa, 2011). If the media have played an important role in breeding violence, it seems reasonable to examine the prospects of the reverse perspective-positive media contributions to ending violence and peace building in Kenya as a whole. Furthermore, if the media are usually found to support forces that lead to violent conflict, it can also be said that the media have the power to influence the activities that promote peace in the society. While media have been prominent contributors to every post-Cold War conflict (Prince and Thompson, 2002, Allen and Seaton, 1999), their role in post conflict peace-building and social development has not been apparent. Elsewhere however, recently there have been enough proves to accept the idea regarding the use of role that the media have played in peace-building. For instance, in Bosnia, Burundi, Cambodia, Croatia, Israel/Palestine, Macedonia, and Rwanda there are documented positive accomplishment of initiated projects of post-conflict recovery through the r ole of the media (McGoldrick, 2006). Also, over the past seven years, RFPA promoted peace in its areas of operation through levels of collaboration that it established between the government, media (TV stations and news papers) and civil society, increased the ability of radio stations to identify the underlying causes of war and conflict, increased the publics access to policy information, and used media to foster communication between policy makers and the civil society within that state, among other achievement (Radio for PeaceBuilding Africa: Achievements, 2012). 1.2 Problem Statement Literature on conflict and peace-building reveals a dismal focus on the role of the media in peace processes. Existing theory only tends to portray the media as essential in reporting and generating discourses on conflicts (Wolfsfeld, 2004; Watson, 2006; Bratic, 2006). Scholars of the post-election phenomenon in Kenya quickly conclude that, the crisis was a deeply rooted political and ethnic problem. Yet, the role of the media in the conflict, as well as its ability to mediate peace is not adequately tackled. In the East African region, Kenyan media like that in Rwanda has been scrutinized at the level of international law as a perpetrator of political violence. The post-2007 crisis serves as a good case to exemplify the process from conflict to peace-building. First, it illustrates the double role of the media as a constructive and destructive agent, and provides a link between media freedom and human rights. Secondly, this research explores challenges of media freedom within fragile democracies, where politics, poverty and ethnic differences can influence the media agenda. While the use of hate speech in the media is not discounted, this project will not focus on the subject as a whole, but draw examples to examine arguments. This thesis does not discuss ethnicity as a theory, but rather uses the term ethnic violence, a theme applied to describe political and ethnic tensions in Kenya (Hagg Kagwanja, 2007). The concept of ethnic violence has also been characterised as an element of civil or degenerate wars by several authors in recent years (Hanssen, 2000; Shaw, 2003; Kaldor, 2006). In recent times the effect of the mass media in shaping and forming the view of people especially the radio due to its accessibility, affordability and availability as compared to TV and computers (social networks e.g. Face book, Twitter, and YouTube) has contributed immensely to the development of a country. In the area of sport the mass media is promoting all kinds of sports especially football through constant publicity. As an emerging buoyant economic industry, the various media houses have established front desk for sports. Besides, they also have sports journalist who monitor, research and analyze sports related issues in the world, Africa and Kenya in particular. This has brought sports to the limelight of the media and given it a place in the media cycle. Inferring to the above and many achievements and contributions of the mass media in Kenya, it can be concluded that the mass media actually do assist in social improvements and building the ideals of the society. By systematically monitoring the performance of state institutions and reporting progress activities of the government, by guiding and dispensing of socialization, and by entertaining its audiences through interesting programmes. Against this background, many media houses have capacity building programmes to enhance public participation through phoning-in sessions. These programmes are also inspired by the need to improve and deepen governance and democracy. Notwithstanding, none or little concern has been given to programmes that are geared towards peace-building. It is for this reason that the researcher seeks to find out the role of the mass media in peace-building in Kenya. 1.3 Objectives of the Study The general objective of this research will be to explore the role the media has played in peace building among selected media houses in Kenya. The specific objectives of the research will be: To examine the activities of the media in peace-building. To find out whether the media has been successfully used to promote peace in Kenya. To assess the effects of the media on peace-building. To establish the measures that government, stakeholders and media houses have put in place towards peace-building. To make recommendations towards the use of the media in promoting and enhancing peace-building in Kenya. 1.4 Research Questions The following questions will serve as research questions to guide this research. What are the activities of the media in peace-building? How has the media been successfully used to promote peace in Kenya?. What are the effects of the media on peace-building? What measures has the government, stakeholders and media houses put in place towards peace-building? 1.5 Rationale for the Study The media is a double-edged sword. It can be a frightful weapon of violence when it propagates messages of intolerance or disinformation that manipulate public sentiment. But there is another aspect to the media. It can be an instrument of conflict resolution, when the information it presents is reliable, respects human rights, and represents diverse views. It is the kind of media that enables a society to make well-informed choices, which is the precursor of democratic governance. It is a media that reduces conflict and fosters human security. Today, in every part of the world, reliable, accurate and objective media, whether mainstream, alternative or non-conventional, can both help to prevent and resolve conflict through the automatic functions of responsibly disseminating information, furthering awareness and knowledge, promoting participatory and transparent governance, and addressing perceived grievances. In the same vein, inadvertently or overtly propagandistic media may equall y fuel tensions and exacerbate conflicts. This study aims at establishing the role of media in peace-building in Kenya. 1.6 Assumptions of the Study This study will be guided by the following assumptions: The media houses in Kenya have adopted acceptable practices in relation to peace-building reporting in their operations. The target audience from the population that will be selected will give a fair representation of the whole population under study. 1.7 Limitation of the Study Unexpected negative response from respondents due to the fact that they will be unwilling to give out sensitive organizational information. This will be delimited through counter-checking on secondary literature as well as desk-reviews. 1.8 Definition of Key Terms Capacity Building Capacity development is the process whereby individuals, groups, and organisations enhance their abilities to mobilize and use resources in order to achieve their objectives on a sustainable basis. Efforts to strengthen abilities of individuals, groups, and organisations can comprise a combination of (i) human skills development; (ii) changes in organisations and networks; and (iii) changes in governance/institutional context (ADB, 2004). Capacity building is a complex notion it involves individual and organisational learning which builds social capital and trust, develops knowledge, skills and attitudes and when successful creates an organisational culture which enables organisations to set objectives, achieve results, solve problems and create adaptive procedures which enable it to survive in the long term Ethnic violence In this study the term ethnic violence will be defined as a theme applied to describe political and ethnic tensions in Kenya (Hagg Kagwanja, 2007). Media The media refers to several mediums or channels used in an organized fashion to communicate information to groups of people, as a service to the public (Howard, 2002). In regard to this thesis, media is mainstream or independent (press, radio, television) in general. Peace Journalism According to Lynch and McGoldrick (2005) peace journalism is when editors and reporters make choices of what stories to report, and how to report them which create opportunities for society at large to consider and to value non-violent responses to conflict. Peace Journalism entails: Uses the insights of conflict analysis and transformation to update the concepts of balance, fairness and accuracy in reporting Provides a new route map tracing the connections between journalists, their sources, the stories they cover and the consequences of their journalism the ethics of journalistic intervention Builds an awareness of non-violence and creativity into the practical job of everyday editing and reporting (Lynch and McGoldrick 2005 p. 5). Peace Building The Carnegie Endowments Commission on the Prevention of Deadly Conflict (1997) defined peace-building as structural prevention which consists of the strategies to address the root causes of deadly conflict. Likewise, the Joint Utstein study of peace-building concludes that peace-building attempts to encourage the development of the structural conditions, attitudes, and modes of political behavior that may permit peaceful, stable and ultimately prosperous social and economic development. It states that there are four main headings related to peace-building: to provide security, to establish the socioeconomic foundations of long-term peace, to establish the political framework of long-term peace, and to generate reconciliation, a healing of the wounds of war and justice (Smith, 2003). These terms will be adopted in this study based but not limited to the above definitions. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The Kenyan Media: An Overview Kenya has a plural, sophisticated and robust mass media and communication sector that serve the various competing political, social, economic, cultural and technological needs of diverse interest groups. The sector has grown rapidly in the past 15 years because of a combination of factors including political and economic liberalization; and Kenyas strategic location as a regional and international economic and communication hub. Before 1992, the media scene was small, urban based and less independent owing to repressive media laws and regulation. Today, the media especially radio and television, reaches all urban centers and almost all rural communities. The broadcasting sub-sector is diverse, dynamic and competitive with substantial reach. There are about 14 TV and 113 radio stations in Kenya (Steadman Group, 2008). Radio is the number one source of information reaching almost 90 percent of the entire population followed by television reaching about 40 percent and newspapers (30 per cent). There are about 7.5 million radio sets (1.9 million in urban and 5.6 in rural areas) and 3.2 million TV sets in Kenya (1.4 million in urban and 1.8 in rural areas) in the country. There are about 16.7 radio listeners across the country with 12.4 million in rural and 4.4 million in towns (Steadman Group, 2008). Interesting developments in the broadcasting sector include the proliferation of FM stations broadcasting in over 21 ethnic languages out of 42 (CCK, 2008). The FM stations broadcasting in ethnic languages command about 30 percent of the market share today. Unfortunately, low professionalism characterizes most of these FM stations because they employ untrained and less experienced journalists. Satellite broadcasting is also thriving particularly among the upper and middle class in urban areas (Howard, 2008). Although the print media has a history of relative independence, it remains an urban phenomenon in Kenya. Kenya has 5 daily newspapers and over 10 weekly newspapers. The dominant newspapers are the Standard with a daily circulation of 80,000 -110,000; and Nation newspapers with a circulation of 100,000 120,000 (Mbeke Mshindi, 2008). The new media is also catching up in Kenya which boasts of 17.6 million mobile phone owners and 3.2 million internet users. There are over 1000 act ive blogs in Kenya. Safaricom, Kenyas number one mobile operator commands 70 percent of the market share and has over 16 million subscribers. Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC), the oldest and only public broadcaster, has the largest network of TV and radio stations across the country. KBC radio service, broadcasting in over 21 ethnic languages, is the only network in Kenya with the capacity to reach all audiences across the country. It also operates KBC TV. Royal Media Services, owned by media magnate S.K. Macharia, is the second largest media house in Kenya. It operates Citizen TV which has a national reach and several radio stations broadcasting in ethnic languages including Kikuyu (Inooro), Luo (Ramogi), Kamba (Musyi), Luhya (Mulembe) among others The Nation Media Group (NMG) is the largest media network in Kenya with interests in newspapers, magazines, TV and radio. It operates the Daily Nation, Sunday Nation, the Business Daily, the East African newspapers as well as the Tourist Guide, the Business Directory among other magazines (BBC Media Monitoring, 2007). NMG runs the NTV and QTV as well as Easy FM and QFM radi o stations both with a national reach. NMG is listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) with the Aga Khan as the key shareholder. The Standard Group (SG) owns the KTN Network, Kenyas first private TV station (1989) and the East African Standard Newspapers, the oldest newspapers having started in 1902. The SG is listed on the NSE with Baraza Limited, a company closely associated with the former President Daniel arap Moi and his close aide Joshua Kulei as the key shareholders. The people media group owns the People Daily several ethnic radio stations. It is associated with the Kenyatta family having bought it from Kenneth Matiba and the radio component from Rose Kimotho. Patrick Quarcco owns Kiss FM and several other FM station together Kiss TV and the Nairobi Star, a daily newspaper. Industrialist Chris Kirubi owns Capital Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) that runs CBC TV and Capital FM. Other media include STV formerly owned by professional journalist Hilary Ngweno. Kenya also has a strong faith-based broadcasting media including Hope FM, Radio Waumini owned by the Catholic Church; and Family TV and radio FM owne d by Leo Slingerland. A number of international news agencies and organizations operate from Nairobi, Kenya. These include the BBC, VOA, Duetsche Welle, Radio France, Radio China, Al Jazeera and CNN. While the press covers mainly politics and economic issues, the broadcasting stations in Kenya are characterized by heavy music and light entertainment programming lazed with interactive talk shows on politics and current affairs. Kenyans have continuously voted the media as the most trusted and influential institution even as they continue to express their reservations over other government institutions like the legislature and the executive. According to BBC, the Kenyan media is one of the most respected, thriving, sophisticated and innovative in Africa. Compared to other African countries, Kenya has in the recent past enjoyed a robust economic growth which in turn has supported one of the most dynamic advertising markets on the continent and a population which consumes news and information voraciously. In turn, this market has supported an explosion in media over recent years. This is a relatively recent phenomenon. While an independent media tradition in Kenya is a long one, it was only in 1992 that the media bloomed to become the thriving industry it is today. Until then, the suppression of media freedom by the then KANU government, a stagnant economy and the continued monopolization of the airwaves by the governments Voice of Kenya (now Kenya Broadcasting Corporation), meant that independent media outlets were few and confined mostly to elites. Over a period of 15 years, this increasingly assertive and self-confident media has played a substantial role in mediating relationships between citizens and state, in shaping the democratic dispensation in the country, and has transformed utterly how some of the most marginalized in society access information on issues that shape their lives. Kenyan citizens have become increasingly reliant on the media for such information, investing in it with greater credibility than almost any other source of information. For most of this period, the media has been seen nationally and internationally as a principal indicator of the democratic vitality of Kenya. Media has been at the forefront of moves to transform Kenya from one party state to multiparty democracy; it has gained a reputation for exposing corruption and acting as a vigorous forum for public debate; it is seen as a guardian of the public interest against an overbearing state power. 2.2 The Activities of the Media in Peace-Building While large scale or world war has been avoided, continual civil conflicts have not been avoided i.e., the conflicts in Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Congo, Somalia. At the same time, peaceful resolution of conflicts that have major potential for civil conflicts: the transitions in South Africa, in Central and Eastern Africa have been witnessed. Therefore, peaceful resolution of national-civil conflicts is in a great part a communication process. That is; a concept of communication that channels civil conflict away from open war in to what is called cultural negotiation (White, 1990, p.22-23). The media can provide information directly to citizens regarding major events of importance for decision -making so that citizens can take action and influence the structure of decision-making. What is expected is a narrative reconstruction of events which reveals the source of the problem, the persons who are responsible and why, and what emerge finally as the solution. The media are the forum for the expression of public opinion and enable the public and public officials to chart the general public opinion regarding the state of public affairs. The mirroring of public opinion enables the public to know what people are expecting and whether representative governments are serving the public or not. A totalitarian state is one in which civil society is totally absorbed by the state, a state without a public opinion. Boutros Boutros-Gali (1992) gave clarity and coherence to the concept of peace building when he defined it as Action to identify and support structures which will tend to strengthen and solidify peace in order to avoid relapse into conflict and, rebuilding institutions and infrastructures of nations torn by civil war and strife (and tackling the deepest causes of) economic despair, social injustice and oppression. Inscribed in Willshers comment about his role as a journalist is an assumption about media influence which has also come to be known as the CNN effect -so called after the first Gulf War when the UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali said: We say we have 16 members in the Security Council: the 15 members plus CNN (Boutros Ghali, 1995). The proposition is that todays global media have grown so mighty as to be able to raise issues to the political agenda by their own efforts; issues which would otherwise hold little or no interest for the powers-that-be. In summary, the influence of the media on society has attracted international agencies closely involved in peace-building since the early 1990s (Ross, 2002). The media can contribute to peace, by engaging in credible reporting, representing balanced opinions in its editorial content, and opening up communication channels among parties in a conflict. It can also identify and articulate without bias the underlying interests of warring factions. By doing so, the media is capable of disseminating information that builds on the confidence of stakeholders in a conflict. 2.2.1 The CNN Effect The Harvard University Joan Shorenstein Center for Press, Politics and Public Policy has been instrumental in examining media effects. Steven Livingston, a leading CNN Effect researcher and associate professor of communication and international affairs at The George Washington University, along with his colleagues at Harvard, identified three conceptual variations surrounding the CNN Effect: the notion that media serves as an agenda-setting agency, that the media serves as an impediment in some cases and that the media facilitates a more accelerated public policy process (1997). The CNN Effect by definition is the

Cultural and Disease

The disease that I am writing about today is Asthma. This disease is a severe allergic reaction in which the bronchial tubes in the lungs swell and become blocked with mucous. The membranes lining the inner walls of the air passages become inflamed, causing the airways to narrow and making it difficult to breathe. Asthma affects roughly 17 million Americans. Five million of those affected by this disease are under the age of 18, making asthma the most common chronic childhood disease. That means that roughly 1 in 20 people out of the general American population including children currently suffer from this incurable disease. This disease causes more than 14 people to die daily from asthma. In my research I found that over the past decades these figures have been steadily increasing in the United State. As our air, water, and food become more polluted with chemicals more people are affected by Asthma. We will continual to see an increase in this disease as long as infants are introduced to solid foods at an early age, and food additives increase, and plants are genetically manipulated to form foods that have a higher allergic potential. Symptoms of asthma may include recurrent attacks of breathlessness, wheezing when breathing out, a dry cough, and excessive mucous. Tightness in the chest during a severe attack, also include sweating and rapid heartbeat, distress and anxiety, an inability to sleep or speak. This disease potentially increased vulnerability to the effects of exposure to air pollutants. There are those who are innately more susceptible to the effects of exposure to air pollutants than others. Those who become more susceptible for example as a result of environmental or social factors or personal behavior and those who are simply exposed to unusually large amounts of air pollutants. Very young children and unborn babies are also particularly sensitive to some pollutants. People with cardio-respiratory disease or diabetes are susceptible to having Asthma. Also people who are exposed to other toxic materials that add to or interact with air pollutants and those who are socioeconomically deprived. When compared with healthy people, those with respiratory disorders such as chronic bronchitis. Asthma has become one of the top chronic conditions in the United States. It disproportionately affects minorities of school age children and youth. Approximately one in 15 Americans suffers from asthma1 and an estimated 4 million children under 18 have an asthma attack each year. Many African-Americans are exposed to unhealthy living and working conditions that trigger more asthma diagnoses than in any other race or ethnic group. Inner- city living conditions typically are crowded and less sanitary, which creates greater exposure to allergens and an increased risk of developing asthma. In a 2002 study, the American Lung Association reported that 71 percent of African- Americans lived in communities where federal air pollution standards were not met, compared to 58 percent of the white population. There are an estimated 1 million to 2 million new cases of asthma diagnosed in the United States each year. Approximately 3 million African Americans have been diagnosed with asthma at some point in their lives. The Prevalence of asthma in African-Americans is 30 percent higher than whites. Although children of all races and ethnicities are affected, asthma appears to be more prevalent among children who are poor, African-American or Puerto Rican. Asthma is the most common childhood chronic disease and is a national public health concern that challenges both health care and school systems. A quarter of the United State population is made up of children, who comprise 40 percent of reported asthma cases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nearly one in 13 school- age children has been diagnosed with asthma. Many parents are not informed about how to properly manage their hild asthma attacks. This increase pediatric emergency room visits. Medicaid had more severe asthma and used fewer preventive medications than all children in the same managed Medicaid population. Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in children, with increasing morbidity and mortality. A genetic predisposition and exposure to allergens have been implicated as major risk factors for the development of asthma. However, increasing evidence indicates that the mother plays a crucial role in mediating the development of fetal-infant immune responses to inhaled allergens. The exact nature and mechanism of this maternal influence and how it might be associated with the development of allergic sensitization and asthma are not clear. Under normal conditions the maternal environment during pregnancy promotes an initial skewed immune response in the offspring which transitions to a non- allergic type response after birth. However the allergic mother's influence may delay the normal transition to a non-allergic immune response to inhaled allergens in her children increasing the risk for the development of allergic sensitization and or asthma. Understanding the underlying mechanisms by which the maternal mmune environment can influence the development of the fetal-infant immune response to inhaled allergens may lead to identifying new targets for the prevention of allergic sensitization and asthma. Asthma cannot be cured, but it can be controlled with proper asthma management. The first step in asthma management is environmental control. Asthmatics cannot escape the environment but through some changes they can control its impact on their health. Some asthmatics use a peak flow meter to gauge their lung function. Lung function decreases before symptoms of an asthma attack occurs. If the meter indicates the peak flow is down by 20 percent or more from your usual best effort an asthma attack is on its way. Other was to managing asthma involves is to use medications. There are two major groups of medications used in controlling asthma attack. Anti -inflammatories corticosteroids and bronchodilators Anti-inflammatories this medication reduces the number of inflammatory cells in the airways and prevent blood vessels from leaking fluid into the airway tissues. By reducing inflammation you can reduce the spontaneous spasm of the airway muscle and reduce having a asthma attach.

Getting The Extra Bit Out Of Your Employees Essay

An employee is required to contribute 40 to 48 hours of productive work in terms of service or visible output. The very purpose of employment is for the employer to generate enough revenue so that he can not only pay your wages, but also make some profit for himself and retain a portion of the profits for contingencies. It is widely accepted that in most cases though the employer is required by law to pay the employee for all the 365 days of the year, the employee output is restricted to some 250 days or in that region. Thus, even when the employee is not working, the employer has to support him/her. The manufacturing sector can lay down norms to measure the output of each employee and relate it to the quantum of work produced. But, in the services sector it is difficult to quantify the output of each individual. The flow of work can also not be uniform in the case of the services sector. Evaluation: In this context, let us examine the working of a Supermarket. The flow of customers into the supermarket will vary during the day as also during the month. In most cases, the evenings will see more customers coming in, while the mornings will see fewer of them. The noon period of the day can be thinner still. Thus, we have a situation where the productive output of the employee is not available to the employer all through the 7 or 8 hours that he/she spends in the Supermarket. So, the effective throughput (actual time spent in producing goods/services) diminishes to anywhere between 5 and 6 or 4 and 6 hours. The employer has to earn adequate revenue to compensate the employees and even take care of eventualities. Therefore, in most parts of the world, employers, particularly in the services sector, manage to get that extra bit of work done by each employee. Institutions, enterprises or organizations strive continuously to optimize their return on investment and use employee motivation as a major tool to achieve this. After all, it is the collective performance of employees that would manifest itself into a successful enterprise. It is not essential at all times to monetize motivation. There are several other means of motivating the employees to get optimal results. For example, in the case under discussion, we need to get an extra 30 minutes of work from each employee. The employer is unwilling to pay for that extra time or simply cannot afford to. So many terminologies and reasons will be attributed to safeguard that extra bit of money. But, heads of departments still have to achieve the desired results and with no extra money available in their hands. Conclusion: Though money is very important to employees, other factors go into employment. In the instant case, the manager can explain to the employees that by spending an extra 30 minutes after the scheduled time and reorganizing the merchandise for the next day, they will be able to start right away when they commence work on the following day. Customers walking in during the first hour will be able to transact their business quickly and this in turn will bring in more of such early customers. Another method is to address all the employees together and evolve a pattern whereby some employees can report early for work and leave at the scheduled time, some employees can shrink their breaks to accommodate the extra time required, and some can even leave late. After all, every one of us spend a lions share of the daylight hours in our respective breadwinning activity. With the correct methodology employed, getting employees to contribute 30 minutes of extra work per day can be achieved without denting the employer’s purse.

Rhetorical Analysis Of Aristotle s Rhetorical Triangle

When one argues a point, it is not to convince himself or herself, but to convince others. Luckily, success is easily achieved if the right approach is taken. To break things down, Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle helps guide the approach of an argument, based on the argument’s target audience. Aristotle believed knowing the target audience was the most important part to winning an argument. The Rhetorical Triangle outlines three different types of persuasive appeals: Logos, the logical appeal, uses facts and reasoning as support for an argument; Ethos, the ethical appeal, uses professional credibility and trustworthiness of the author to win an argument; and Pathos, the emotional appeal, uses emotional response from the audience to win them over. When used for the correct audience, it’s very clear that the persuasive appeals Logos, Ethos and Pathos, consistently help win arguments. For instance, logic and undeniable facts are extremely valuable to a vast number of people. 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